
Class i fc^ Mil 

Book , y /a 6" sr 

Copyright 1\° 



CDPffilGHT DEPOSIT. 



JUNIOR 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



: Kh. 



BY 

\yARD, M.A. 

Taft School 




NEW YORK 
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 






Copyright, 1919, 
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 



DEC 31 1919 



©CI. A5 5 9 233 



■"W 



■ f 



PREFACE 

Every teacher of grammar is sentence-hungry, and 
his need increases with his experience, so that he is driven 
to foraging in arithmetics and histories and Bibles. Oc- 
casionally we dream of a gorgeous feast of 300 — perhaps 
of even 400 — assorted sentences; we speculate on how 
much it would cost to have these privately printed. But 
the cost is too much, or the idea seems extreme — it 's too 
good to be true. So we patiently starve. Probably each 
of us supposes that his hunger is unnatural — for surely 
publishers must know what quantity of food will sus- 
tain life — and is unwilling to make public avowal of 
an abnormal craving. At any rate we never satisfy our 
desire. 

For my own part I was during twenty years as 
resigned as any hopeless coolie to a meager diet. Then 
one day in summer, as I brooded upon the coming pangs 
of autumn, I made the desperate resolution to gorge 
myself. I gathered a hundred sentences to exhibit verbs, 
fifty that were packed with the right kinds of nouns, 
fifty that contained subjects after the verbs ; by hundreds 
and fifties I gathered them in. It was a banquet to me. 
For perhaps the first time in history a teacher of gram- 
mar was having all he wanted to eat. 

Of course I was grouping the sentences according to 
the program of attack that I follow : gradual display of 

iii. 



iv PREFACE 

what a verb is, of the fact that verbals are not verbs, of 
the fact that each verb has a subject. I think it would be 
criminal to require children to memorize any table of 
verb forms; indeed it was a bore to draw up a com- 
plete chart for my own guidance. But I have absolute 
faith in the wisdom of teaching children to recognize a 
whole verb and nothing but the verb when they see it; 
and I know of no way to impart that knowledge surely 
except to present one kind, a second kind, a third kind, 
and so on through the dozen kinds. (Has any table of 
these phrasal verbs ever been printed? I have never 
seen one. All our paradigms are tense-and-mode sub- 
tleties patterned after Latin, and very incomplete for 
English. I tuck the table in after the Preface for 
any teacher who may be curious.) Along with this mere 
"spotting" of the most important part of speech goes 
the mental exercise of finding the subject. A novice 
might suppose that two such simple processes could be 
mastered in a week. But the experienced teacher knows 
that 400 sentences used for a month will not teach the 
backward pupils; he is willing to spend two months if 
necessary on these rudiments, because they are by all 
means the hardest and most important quarter of the 
year's work; if that is thoroughly done, the way to fur- 
ther progress is comparatively straight and easy. 

The later steps are clearly indicated: emphasis on 
predicate nominative first, so that it becomes established 
as an ordinary expectation after a verb ; much less em- 
phasis on direct object, so that it will not always rush to 
the lips when a substantive is seen after a verb ; when 
these two complements are understood, proceeding to 



PREFACE v 

transitive and intransitive ; then taking up the two kinds 
of single-word modifiers, then phrases, then clauses. 

But the order of topics is a debatable non-essential. 
My pleasure in arranging sentences was derived from 
an entirely different matter — from " mixing them up." 
A child may go unfalteringly through a hundred sen- 
tences each of which is known to contain one predicate 
nominative, and then when referred to a page of a maga- 
zine may show complete ignorance of predicate nomina- 
tive. We do not learn by mere repetition, but only by 
repetition of that act of discriminating: "Is there a 
predicate nominative here? How do I know whether 
there is or not?" Repeatedly getting the answers to 
those questions results in knowledge. Through a series 
of sentences that are not childishly easy and similar, 
that have no baffling archaisms, that are human and 
sometimes laughable and colloquial, that never present 
the unprepared-for puzzle, but that forever present the 
tripping-stone for the unwary — through such a series 
lies the only path to secure understanding. 

As I assorted the sentences, I proposed simple ex- 
amples of the next kind of discrimination required, with 
italic type to make things very clear, and with that 
one never-failing little formula that is the test for all 
cases. The collection of sentences became a small gram- 
mar. I wondered if other teachers might not want a 
book that shows what words do in sentences. I asked a 
publisher about it. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE SENTENCES 

Active and Passive Verbs 86. . . 998-1017 

Active Participles 80. . . 958-987 

Address and Exclamations 74. . . 918-927 

Adjectives 59. . . 749-768 

Adjective Clauses . :■ 116. . .125611265 

Adverb Clauses 121. . .1286-1323 

Adverbial Nouns 73. . . 908-917 

Adverbs of Three Kinds 64. . . 789-798 

Adverbs with Adverbs and Adjectives. 63. . . 779-788 

Adverbs with Verbs 62. . . 769-778 

Appositives 76. . . 928-937 

Conjunctions 118. . .1266-1285 

Gerunds 84. . . 988-997 

Infinitives 95. . .1081-1215 

Mixed Clauses 124. . .1324-1399 

Nominative Absolute 131. . .1450-1464 

Noun Clauses 108. . .1216-1235 

Nouns 33 . . . 413-465 

Nouns as Adverbs, Address, 

Exclamation, Appositives 77. . . 938-957 

Nouns as Subject, Object, Indirect 

Object, Predicate Nominative 69. . . 843-907 

Objective Predicate 133 .. . 1400-1429 

Objects 48... 590-599 

vii 



viii CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Passive Participles 91 . . 

Phrasal Gerunds 93 . . 

Predicate Nominatives 42 . . 

Prepositions 65 . . 

Prepositions and Adverbs 66 . . 

Pronouns in the Three Constructions . . 56 . . 

Relative Clauses Ill . . 

Retained Object 136. . 

Subjects and Predicate Nominatives. . . 43. . 

Subjects of Verbs 38 . . 

Subjects, Predicate Nominatives, 

Objects 49. . 

Verbs 3.. 

Verbs, Active, Passive, Intransitive .... 88 . . 



SENTENCES 

1061-1070 
1071-1080 
520-539 
799-808 
809-842 
713-748 

1236-1255 
1430-1449 

540-589 
466-519 

600-712 

1-412 
1018-1060 



Supplement of Forms and 
Classifications 



142 



-f- hear 



TABLE OF VERB FORMS 

In the Order in Wkich They Are Presented in the 
Sentences 

Sentences 

1-47 I. is am are was were 

have has had 
hear hears heard 
48-95 II. may can must might could 

shall will should would 
96-118 III. have has had + heard 
have had have been etc. 
119-165 IV. do does did -j- hear 
166-247 V. is am are was were '-j- heard 

248-281 VI. is am are was were -f- hearing 
282-303 VII. have been has been had been -f- heard 
304-335 VIII. may can must might could j 
shall will should would ) 
336-349 IX. have has had -j- been -f- hearing 
350-370 X. may have can have etc. -\ + heard 

may be can be etc. v + hearing 

is being was being etc. ) -f heard 
371-384 XI. may can etc. -\- have been heard 



VERB FORMS 

A verb is a word that makes a statement. 

1. February is the shortest month. 

2. I am a stenographer. 

3. Pencils are necessary in my business. 

4. The Americans were glad to hear the news. 

5. Grant ivas in his tent. 

6. You have my permission. 

7. Ellery Ms a bad cold. 

8. The ocean liad 7,000 vessels on its waves at that 
minute. 

9. Allen seldom went down to breakfast before nine 
o 'clock. 

10. He said the words in a low tone. 

11. Try to become more cheerful every day. 

12. The old dog seems glad to have us back. 

No words like to become or to liave are verbs; there 
is never any to in a verb. 

13. After the game he lay there panting for five 
minutes. 

No word like panting is a verb ; no ing word can by 
itself be a verb, because it does not make a statement. 
If a person says, "Wishing to know," he has not made 
any statement ; we are still waiting for him to say some- 
thing. 

3 



JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

14. Wishing to know the time of day, I stopped at a 
jewelry store. 



In the following sentences (15-47) every verb is a 
single word. No such word as not or up or in or at or 
down can be part of a verb. No such word as glad or 
sure or red or quick can be part of a verb. 

Find the one verb in each sentence. 



15. By all accounts millions of Russians starved last 
winter. 

16. A loud outburst of cheers greeted his words. 

17. And then they all scattered on their different ways. 

18. Stop at the little bridge on the other side of the 
railroad crossing. 

19. His reason sounded queer to us fellows. 

20. After all, I am glad to be at home. 

21. He was sure of always having the right answer. 

22. You are welcome to come at any time. 

23. Then through the thick fog that little alarm-clock 
began to ring. 

24. There is no waste about this kind of food. 

25. It is good for us to be here. 

26. Shortly after midnight, by creeping along the three 
hundred yards of hedge, they escaped. 

27. Owing to our plentiful supply of money we were 
able to keep on good terms with the urchins. 

28. The demand to put up our hands and to hand over 
our watches at the same time was not exactly easy 
to carry out. 



VERB FORMS 5 

29. Men serving Uncle Sam on land and sea get sur- 
prisingly small pay. 

30. The cook simply refused to bother with them. 

31. Those daily rides home in the trolley were good 
chances to air his ideas. 

32. Sit down a minute in the cool shade of this pepper 
tree. 

33. Where, oh where, are the good old twenty-dollar 
gold-pieces ? 

34. Strangely enough the most interesting part of this 
story is in the middle. 

35. Every cent of his wages goes into Liberty Bonds. 

36. Trust me for the safe return of every book in the 
bundle. 

37. By all means borrow a pair of hockey shoes. 

38. During the night they anchored in the lower 
bay. 

39. In a case like that I certainly am up the stump. 

40. And now Uncle Sam wants to save paper, board, 
and labor. 

41. Keep an eye on the furnace three or four times 
a night. 

42. To keep well posted on all the world's doings sub- 
scribe for a good daily paper. 

43. Into her blue eyes came a great flash of under- 
standing. 

44. More than a million square yards of those com- 
position blocks are now in service in all parts of 
the United States. 

45. Her little fingers were blue with cold. 

46. Three hundred yards from the shore, on a line 



6 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

with the "VVoolworth Tower and Trinity steeple, 
was the marked spot. 

47. In this instance yon did your duty perfectly. 

A verb may be made up of two words. 

48. We may go before the end of March. 

49. Jerry can go down below after ten o'clock. 

50. A captain might slioot a man for disobeying him. 

51. You must notice the words in black type more 
clearly. 

52. Booth could make a good piece of scenery out of 
ten yards of canvas and a pint of paint. 

53. They would believe every word of his most out- 
landish stories. 

54. After such a long, cold ride in an open car you 
should have something warm to drink. 

od. During the three weeks of Easter vacation we 
shall close up all the rooms. 

56. In spite of all our efforts to help him he will com- 
plain of the poor food. 

Sometimes there are words between the parts of a 
verb. 

57. I could sometimes make a better score than the old 
trapper. 

58. May I not come in now ? 

The verb in 57 is could make; in 58 the verb is may 
come. 



VERB FORMS 7 

Find the verbs in the following sentences. 

59. In my city the policemen are much more polite 
to country visitors. 

60. In his bathing-suit, on the beach, he was much 
more comfortable. 

61. Strangely enough there can be a great deal of 
foolishness on these serious occasions. 

62. After all your searching you will find no evidence 
of anything wrong. 

63. In such a dark cellar you may not be able to find 
the bin. 

64. I shall certainly look for you at the station. 

65. Could you, sir, raise that window a little ¥ 

66. Where in the world is that old book with the broken 
back? 

67. Without these little tags we should seldom know 
the owners of the hats. 

68. Such a strict rule might not do any good, after all. 

69. All during the months of June and July I am here 
alone in this little cabin. 

70. You would possibly not wish to have such a com- 
panion. 

71. All new buildings in Canada, as in most of the 
States, were handsome structures. 

72. Since that restful Fourth of July you must feel 
better. 

73. Mr. Weeks, I humbly beg your pardon. 

74. Over these gloves must go a pair of woolen bags. 

75. Toward the bottom of a barrel you will often find 
a little note. 



8 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

76. The oldest flask was wide at the top and narrower 
at the base. 

77. Nowhere in the building can you find any proper 
ventilation. 

78. Still there might always be some doubt about the 
matter. 

79. I should not like to tell you about all the hap- 
penings after that. 

80. At all times and in all places I am glad to be of 
service to you. 

81. In spite of all my long illness I shall shortly be 
well and strong. 

82. Henry's friends were there to help her out. 

83. To have him for dinner some night would be 
very entertaining. 

84. The youngest chickens are bright and healthy in 
appearance. 

85. No doubt he likes to be happy and carefree — like 
me. 

86. So I sent him to a summer camp over on the Miller 
flats. 

87. Strikes and riots in the larger cities are likely to 
be of daily occurrence. 

88. Amid all that blaring hubbub you could distinctly 
make out a dull hum. 

89. Owning a private yacht may not be any proof at 
all of being able to have a good time. 

90. The fellow at the end of the line would probably 
see us. 

If we ask, "Who or what would see us?" the an- 



VERB FORMS 9 

swer is "fellow." The word fellow is called the " sub- 
ject' ' of the verb. The subject of a verb is always found 
by asking "who or what?" about the verb — like this: 
"Who or what came?" "Who or what might let" 
"Who or what will enter?" 

Subjects very often come just in front of the verb, 
as in the next sentence. 

91. In this brief bird's-eye view you may get an idea 
of our doings in France. 

Who or what may get? You may get. 
But often the subject is a long way from its verb, as 
in the next sentence. 

92. The toot of the chauffeur's horn through the thick 
fog at that moment roused John to action. 

Who or what roused? Moment did not rouse, be- 
cause moment belongs with at; we never could say "at 
the moment roused." In the same way we know that 
"through the fog" did not rouse; "of the horn" did 
not rouse. It was the toot that roused. Toot is the sub- 
ject. Always think twice of the word that comes directly 
in front of a verb ; very likely it belongs with an of or 
an in or a by or an under, and so cannot be the subject. 

Sometimes a word that makes sense 
"who or what?" is not the subject. 

93. A lot of boys mav be absent. 



10 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

We cannot say "of boys may be." We have to 
say "a lot may be." Lot is. the subject. 
Subjects often come after the verb. 

94. There will be a heap of work to do. 

Who or what will be ? A heap will be. Heap is the 
subject. 

95. Beneath the wet moss lay half a dozen speckled 
beauties. 

Who or what lay? Beauties lay. Beauties is the 
subject. 

Find the subjects of the verbs in sentences 96-117. 
Three new forms of verbs are used in these sentences, 
with have, lias, and liad — such as liave seen, has re- 
gretted, had sent. Each sentence may have two or more 
verbs. 

96. Somers had just finished his dinner when Jim, all 
out of breath, came in. 

97. Rows of kettles of aluminum and copper reflected 
the brilliant lighting. 

98. As soon as I have mentioned the idea, there will 
be the same thirst in your throat. 

99. He has often said that he has not smoked for 
twenty years. 

100. There may be a reason why he has disappeared so 
quietly. 

101. Out of the smokestack had come a huge cloud of 
white steam. 



VERB FORMS 11 

102. Into America have poured people from every coun- 
try in the world. 

103. A sound of bells and whistles woke us when 
the glad news came. 

104. There were five bushels of apples rotting on the 
ground. 

105. You might never get another chance if you should 
now refuse this one. 

106. On the side-table will be some fruit, and you can 
help yourself to that. 

107. There have been men more clever at this game, 
but no player has ever been so steady as Sterling. 

108. Strawberries in February are apt to be very dear. 

109. Many devices of manufacturers to protect their 
retail prices have been illegal, so that retailers 
have been able to disregard them. 

110. Down sank the sun, and darkness rapidly obscured 
the little low islands. 

111. Above the lone pine tree appeared the moon. 

112. A horse in the corral would now and then whinny, 
as if he had heard us say that perhaps a wolf might 
sneak up the valley. 

113. Directly in front of the house stands a gigantic 
elm which he planted when he was a boy. 

114. The reason for not giving you permission is that 
there has been danger of influenza. 

115. We have grown weary of telling you over and over 
again that there may be a subject after the verb. 

116. One of these is sure to be the right one. 

117. Now here is a funny problem: Where is the sub- 
ject in a question? 



12 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

In a question the subject often comes between the 
parts of a verb, as in No. 118. 

118. Have you ever thought of farming? 

The way to find the subject in such questions is to put 
the question into the form of a statement — "You have 
ever thought of farming." The subject is you. 

Verbs often used in asking questions are do, does, did. 

119. Did he mention the price to you"? 

120. Does your watch keep good time? 

121. Do they ever come to call on you? 

Words often used for asking questions are who, 
which, wliat. These words may be subjects. 

122. Who goes there? 

123. Which looks prettier? 

124. What makes you so happy? 

But notice how different the three following ques- 
tions are : 

125. Who do you think will win? 

In the form of a statement the sentence is: "You do 
think who ivill ivin"; you is the subject of do think; 
who is the subject of will win. 

126. Which does he choose? 



VERB FORMS 13 

In the form of a statement the sentence is: "He does 
clwose which"; he is the subject. 

127. What have they done while I was away? 

In the form of a statement the sentence is: "The} 7 have 
done what while I was away"; they is the subject of 
have done. 

Find the verbs and the subjects in the following 
sentences— 128-163. 

128. Have you ever seen me when I have had a broad 
smile ? 

129. Do they want to come in because it has grown so 
cold outside? 

130. Has any man in his senses ever spoken a speech 
like that? 

131. If you could earn twenty dollars a day, would you 
keep at this job? 

132. Why do you always suppose that the flour in the 
bin has got low ? 

133. Had the Indians ever seen a sail before the landing 
of Columbus? 

134. Does the idea seem peculiar to you? 

135. Where were you last night? 

136. Would you mind a little cold air? 

137. If I should walk faster, do you think you could 
keep up with me ? 

138. When he has found out that the stamps have dis- 
appeared, will he make a fuss about it? 

139. There is a good chance that he will be furious. 



14 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

140. Down the path came Robin. 

141. Over the blacksmith's door was a very rusty 
horseshoe. 

142. What had he done? 

143. Who will pay the bill? 

144. Who is your friend? 

145. Which is the most expensive coat? 

146. What can I do to help you ? 

147. Here is a beautiful view. 

148. Do you notice anything suspicious? 

149. Where are the latest magazines? 

150. On top of the telegraph pole was an old flour- 
sack. 

151. Have you seen our new tires? 

152. When did you get back? 

153. Is leather the best material for belts? 

154. Were you in the lobby after I went out? 

155. The sympathy of such a man was very precious 
to me. 

156. A new way of getting gasoline out of shale rocks 
is the latest discovery. 

157. Did that sermon strike you as a good one? 

158. Where can I find you at nine o'clock? 

159. I have feared that he has a grudge against me. 

160. On the way to Missoula I had the sleeping-car all 
to myself. 

161. Is there any way of stopping the noise? 

162. Have you had enough? 

163. Shall we join our friends now? 

Sometimes a verb has two or three subjects. 



VERB FORMS 15 

164. Old men and boys joined in the procession. 

165. Money and time and energy are wasted by this 
change of schedule. 

In that last sentence the verb is are wasted. In the 
sentences below are given examples of that kind of verb. 

166. More sugar is wanted by the children. 

167. He was inspected by an officer. 

168. They were rudely pushed in the crowd. 

169. Oranges and lemons are classed as "citrus" fruits. 

You will notice that each verb ends in ed. Some 
verbs of this kind end in t. 

170. I am taught by a native Frenchman. 

171. The spy ivas shot at daybreak. 

172. We were shut up in the basement. 



Some verbs of this kind end in 



n. 



173. I was shown into a small bedroom. 

174. They were seen running away. 

175. I am beaten at my own game. 

176. A number is drawn by lot. 

177. Three medals are given as prizes. 

Other verbs of this kind are given below. 

178. A queer sound was heard. 

179. The book was never found. 



16 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

180. The string was made of jute. 

181. The boxes are run up on an endless chain. 

182. "America" was sung with a will. 

183. I was struck by his sad look. 

Find each verb and its subject, or subjects, in the 
following sentences. 

184. Monitors and destroyers were used in this attack. 

185. The game was begun at 3 :30 and did not end until 
after six. 

186. There are sixteen turkeys in that one flock. 

187. Our books were paid for with money that we 
had earned by selling pictures. 

188. Do you still remember his telephone number? 

189. Apples are now sold for less than a dollar a 
bushel. 

190. Was his watch put up at auction? 

191. The bundles were set down on the sidewalk. 

192. I am entirely guided by what the old fisherman 
tells me. 

193. At the head of the mob rode Barnaby on a white 
horse. 

194. Have you supposed that anyone could forget that 
so soon? 

195. Their grapes and bananas are not left to rot on the 
piers. 

196. Is a horse shod nowadays with those hand-wrought 
nails? 

197. Pennies are often thrown into the collection 
box. 



VERB FORMS 17 

198. The ring at the end of the last joint was held in 
place by a silk wrapping. 

199. Up the harbor steamed the "Leviathan." 

200. Was Marcelle forgotten during the excitement ? 

201. The aldermen in our city are elected to serve two 
years. 

202. If either of us is bitten by a rattlesnake, we shall 
know what to do. 

203. Neither of the men was noted for honesty. 

204. Just looking at him always makes me laugh. 

205. The conductors on our line are taught to be very 
polite. 

206. The shop was entered by a side window while the 
attention of the clerk was drawn to a supposed 
drunken man on the sidewalk. 

207. After he has finished his prayer, a verse of a hymn 
is chanted by the choir. 

208. Now I am laughed at everywhere I go. 

209. His periods and commas look just alike. 

In the next three sentences the words after the verb 
are not part of the verb. 

210. The woods are full of big ferns. 

211. We were nervous at the long wait. 

212. The noon-hour was pleasant to us. 

In the sentences that follow be careful not to include 
words that could not make a verb. If you should see 
"He was proud of his new hat," you would know that 



18 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

he had not "been prouded"; he was simply "a proud 
boy." If you should see "There was a rusted nail," 
you would know by the "a" that it was simply "that 
kind of nail." The verb in each case is just was. 

But if you saw "The nail was rusted by the salt 
water," you could tell that the verb is was rusted. 
Whenever it is possible, say that the two parts belong 
together in one verb,* as in these cases: 

We were prepared for a long siege. 
I am distressed by the news. 

213. The old man was hard at work. 

214. The doors were wide open. 

215. The covers were pried off with a crowbar. 

216. The door is painted in red and green stripes. 

217. The plain cake is best for us. 

218. The money is kept in a bank for their grand- 
children. 

219. This old road leads toward the cannery. 

220. I am dusty after three hours on the train. 

221. About fifty feet to your right is a sunken reef. 

* Note for Teachers. This formula is not given because 
it explains the philosophical nature of a passive verb; in fact it 
is poor philosophy. But it is excellent pedagogy. It is the only 
possible way of avoiding that extreme subtlety: "is this passive 
participle more like a predicate adjective or more like a part of 
a solid verb phrase? " In " I am dejected " we feel the participle 
as an adjective, and in " I am elected " we feel the participle as 
part of the verb. But this distinction is a matter of feeling, 
often debatable. To attempt it in the eighth grade is to destroy 
knowledge. The only way of progress through verb forms is to 
say, " Include the participle if possible." That teaches passive 
forms. 



VERB FORMS 19 

222. Their next home was an abandoned farm. 

223. The old shotgun was rusted badly. 

224. Just at present I am short of money. 

225. There were broken boards in the sidewalk. 

226. His arm was broken by a falling timber. 

227. A little cold water is best for his bruise. 

228. His hit was luck — pure and simple. 

229. His mind was struck by the beauty of the scene. 

230. On the tray were toasted marshmallows. 

231. He is beyond recovery now. 

232. She is past sixty years old. 

233. The ball was passed to the full-back. 

234. Our old skiff is sound as a dollar. 

235. The poor fellow was dead before he got the news. 

236. The ginger-ale bottle is round on the bottom. 

237. The depth of the water was sounded with a long 
fishline. 

238. The mystery was all cleared up in time. 

239. The poor dog seems to be famished. 

240. We lay still while they searched the garret. 

241. Are you convinced now? 

242. Are you open to an offer? 

243. The water is quiet tonight. 

244. The new building is complete at last. 

245. The rabbit had died before we remembered to feed 
him. 

246. The edges of the steps are rounded off by two cen- 
turies of constant use. 

247. The book-keeper has finally completed his accounts. 

We have learned that no ing word can by itself be a 



20 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

verb. But ing words can make verbs if the} 7 are com- 
bined with is, am, are, was, and were. 

248. He is looking at us now. 

249. I am having the time of my life. 

250. We are being quiet while father sleeps. 

251. The moon was, in the meantime, rising out of the 
ocean. 

252. Were you thinking of staying at home? 

Only such parts of be {is, am, teas, etc.) make verbs 
with ing words. Combinations like "keep going," 
"went smiling " are not verbs; in these the verbs are 
simply keep and went. 

Find each verb and its subject in the following sen- 
tences. 

253. While we were wrapping up the presents, we for- 
got to keep track of the time. 

254. Simply writing your name on a card is enough to 
bring our catalogue to you. 

255. We are wondering whether you will be able to 
pass the examination. 

256. As I was planting the melon seeds, a crow went 
flying over the field. 

257. Mr. Job is wondering about you, but his wondering 
will do no good. 

258. Our firm was carrying on a great mail-order busi- 
ness. 

259. Up to the zone of fighting the controlling factor 
was our old friend "transportation." 



VERB FORMS 21 

260. While I am quietly sitting here, perhaps he is ex- 
ploring the Amazon. 

261. Were you hurrying to catch a train? 

262. There was a great scuffling of feet during prayers. 

263. If they are not leaving anything for the waiter, 
we might deposit something. 

264. Why is the seaweed waving in water that seems 
to be perfectly motionless? 

265. If the ships were carrying locomotives, they would 
go to ports where there are huge unloading cranes. 

266. Although I am studying as hard as I am able, I am 
getting very low grades. 

267. While we were signaling frantically to them, they 
kept marching with their eyes straight to the front. 

268. Near the back of the magazine is an article dealing 
with the new explosives. 

269. I was packing my trunk when he came to have a 
look at me. 

270. Are you ever going to quit that habit of asking 
"what?" when you know perfectly well what was 
said? 

271. If you were thinking of giving me a rug for Christ- 
mas, you were doing some very kind thinking. 

272. He came running up to me, crying out that he was 
murdered. 

273. We are now gradually improving on the old- 
fashioned movie comedy. 

274. I am telling you with all possible kindness that you 
are surely going to lose your position. 

275. Is your heater working all right since we repaired 
it? 



22 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

276. And where did he get the songs that he is singing 
to us? 

277. More of the burning and exploding cases were 
thrown overboard, until the water was entirely- 
covered with them. 

278. The pilot was going aboard to steer us through the 
Lachine rapids. 

279. That ride on the fire-engine was an exciting experi- 
ence. 

280. This warehouse was handling a thousand tons of 
the stuff every day. 

281. Am I troubling you by asking you to explain how 
to do this problem? 

A verb may be made up of three words. 



The letter is written. 

The letter has been written. 

The story was told. 
The story had been told. 

Our friends are invited. 

Our friends have been invited. 



Find each verb and its subject in the following sen- 
tences. 

282. His mother has been worried by his long absence 
from home. 

283. We have all been saved from destruction by the 
English navy. 



VERB FORMS 23 

284. Peaeeville had been pointed out to her before the 
searchlight from the boat fell upon it. 

285. A treaty between Chile and Peru has been talked 
about a great deal lately. 

286. We have never been edmitted to the shelves. 

287. His cattle had been fed on corn all winter. 

288. He has been crazy about that idea of owning a 
wireless outfit. 

289. No robin has ever been seen here as early as that. 

290. All the remains of our feast have been removed 
from sight. 

291. Everything had been put in apple-pie order. 

292. He has been sure of an appointment ever since his 
name has been on the waiting-list. 

293. Sherwood has been considered a brave fellow be- 
cause he rescued that child. 

294. Among this mass of papers has been found a deed 
of his farm. 

295. All their strange actions have now been explained. 

296. Had anything been saved from the wreck? 

297. Alongside this great liner were four puffing tug- 
boats. 

298. Old Jasper has been wise not to sell his car. 

299. The lawsuit had been settled out of court. 

300. Has he been about here lately? 

301. The tubing around the edges of the old boiler has 
all been replaced. 

302. Knowles has always been honest in his dealings 
with us. 

303. Have any of these profits been put into your own 
pocket ? 



24 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

Verbs of three words are formed by putting may be, 
could be, shall be, would be, etc., before such forms as 
pushed, taught, seen, sung. 

304. A song of victory will be sung in all the churches. 

305. Will the wagon be paid for with your own money? 

306. All our coal may sometime be burned up entirely. 

307. Would Henry be entirely ruined if he should be 
sent to jail? 

Find each verb and its subject. 

308. You may be scared by the lonely woods, but you 
can keep up your courage by whistling. 

309. Every jar of butter should be tested thoroughly. 

310. Probably some better way of delivering the goods 
could be invented. 

311. Nitric acid can be made by the electric current. 

312. Our goods will be sold cheaper when wages are 
lower. 

313. There must be chicory in this coffee. 

314. Why must you be waked up at four o'clock? 

315. They may be mad at us for not asking them to go 
along. 

316. An irritation in the throat would be caused by 
constant wearing of a muffler. 

317. All rubber tires might be replaced by sets of 
wire springs. 

318. I shall be taught all about verbs soon. 

319. Cotton can be grown in a great many areas of the 
world. 



VERB FORMS 25 

320. Aboard our boat was a handsome, dark-eyed gen- 
tleman from Barcelona. 

321. The carpet in the west wing of the fifth floor has 
been worn out. 

322. Just across the street from us lives an old Civil 
War veteran. 

323. We shall soon be forgotten by the younger gen- 
eration. 

324. Against the big, warm funnel leaned a jolly sailor. 

325. Nothing but necessaries could be carried in their 
knapsacks. 

326. He may be tarred and feathered if he talks any 
more against the government. 

327. That would be a sign that you did not want us. 

328. We should be injured by having to read that kind 
of newspaper. 

329. More care would be required in a stricter office. 

330. In hot soapsuds a celluloid collar would be dis- 
solved like so much starch. 

331. This same top might be fitted to your old car. 

332. You will be relieved by the news in this morning's 
paper. 

333. There must be some relieved mothers in the coun- 
try, now that our petition is making progress. 

334. Before us rose, in all its snowy splendor, Pike's 
Peak. 

335. Your questions must not be asked in such a serious 
tone. 

Verbs of three words are formed by putting liave 
teen, has been, and had been before ing forms. 



26 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

336. We liave lately been hearing bad news. 

337. He has been selling off his old stock. 

338. I have been sitting at the movies for three hours. 

339. He had never been rattled so in his life. 

340. Since he returned to school, he has been studying 
a great deal harder. 

341. Beside the comfortable leather chair in the corner 
stood a tall reading-lamp. 

342. All day long I have been restless. 

343. I have been amazed by how much he knows. 

344. Their son had never forgiven them for that 
joke. 

345. The class has been working at decimals for a week 
or more. 

346. Down the alley ran Arthur. 

347. There had been a wind roaring all night. 

348. Under the side of the tent dozens of boys had been 
crawling in without paying. 

349. All winter long in this little cove he had been 
building a power-boat. 

There are three other kinds of verbs that are a good 
deal alike and that will be easy to find after all this 
drill. 

1. can have had, may have been, 

might have known, would have decided, etc. 

2. may be hearing, can be spending, 
will be learning, should be going, etc. 

3. is being built, am being taught, 
was being covered, were being fitted. 



VERB FORMS 27 

Find each verb and its subject in the following 
sentences. 

350. You may have noticed the advertisement. 

351. They will very likely be celebrating all right. 

352. Do you want to know what is happening to me? 
I am being measured for a suit of clothes. 

353. Surveying this road must have been a most diffi- 
cult job. 

354. The birds must be expecting a very hard winter. 

355. To me that would have seemed a very risky 
journey. 

356. They can be lying in bed all morning if they 
want to. 

357. He must have clenched his stingy fists pretty hard 
to make those marks in his palm. 

358. You certainly should have been with us last night. 

359. While Jerry was being carried on the shoulders 
of the team, he might have felt rather proud. 

360. Why, my dear sir, the work is already being done. 

361. Instead of lingering here I should be hustling to 
sell goods. 

362. You could have known what he was up to if you 
had had half an eye. 

363. It may be growing darker, but I can still see per- 
fectly well. 

364. Who can have done such a foolish thing? 

365. Our problems were being explained by the teacher. 

366. In the middle of a line of long verbs was always 
some simple subject after a verb that he would be 
deceived by. 



28 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

367. I could have had a much better education if I had 
had gumption enough. 

368. We were then enduring a perfect plague of mice. 

369. They could be getting a bigger price if they cared 
to ask it. 

370. Though we did not know it, we were being sadly 
cheated. 

Sometimes a verb has four parts: may have been 
broken, must have been gathered, will have been brought, 
should have been destroyed. 

371. The old hotel would have been burned up long ago 
if it had been insured. 

372. We should have been sorry to miss you. 

373. His little speech would have been much more en- 
joyed if we had known what he Avas saying. 

374. After about three or four sentences always comes 
that one that fools him. 

375. Well, he might have been fooled if he had not been 
trained so many days. 

376. For aught I know this very cabin may have been 
used by the hero of the novel. 

377. "I shall have been doing my duty, anyway," said 
Clarence. Some verb! 

378. Can this sauce have been put up in the wrong jar? 

379. I never could have been persuaded that even the 
most monstrous verbs are so easy. 

380. Sometimes where you really get into trouble is 
when you try to find the subject of the shortest 
verb in the language. 



VERB FORMS 29 

381. He must have been listening to us while we were 
talking about him. 

382. The flour will have been entirely used up before 
Friday. 

383. We should have been glad of your company. 

384. After 383 sentences I certainly should hav'e been 
surprised if he had missed that one. 

When a verb gives a command, the subject seldom 
appears. Since a command is spoken to somebody, we 
say that the subject is "you understood." 

385. Stop a minute. Think that over. 

The subject of each verb is you understood. 

The word not is very often combined with a verb, 
written "n't" : don't, can't, won't. In the case of don't 
know, can't be, won't tell, etc., we drop off the "n't" 
in telling about the verb ; we say that the verbs are do 
know, can be, will tell, etc. 

386. I liaven't yet found out why he wasn't present. 

The verbs are liave found and was. 
Find each verb and its subject in the following sen- 
tences. 

387. Hold tight to this rope. You mightn't get ashore 
if you don't. 

388. Hasn't this been an awful winter? 

389. Come here and see if it wasn't true. 



30 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

390. Ask me no questions if you don't want to hear any 
lies. 

391. Isn't your father going to inquire who wrote the 
letter? 

392. Hurry up. There aren't many minutes to spare. 

393. Weren't the books burned up too? 

394. We'll see about that. 

395. Oh, never mind me. I'm all right. 

396. Right then came a little song that he hadn't put on 
the bill. 

We might write a sentence like this : "The house (the 
house stands on the hill) is for sale." But that would 
sound clumsy. Instead of repeating ' ' the house ' ' in that 
way we use the word tliat: "The house (that stands on 
the hill) is for sale." Inside the parentheses is a sort of 
little sentence; the verb is stands, and the subject is 
that. 

Such a sentence is usually written without any marks 
around it: "The house that stands on the hill is for 
sale." But when you are looking for a subject, you 
must always think about that "sort of little sentence" 
inside a sentence. In your mind you must put marks 
around it. 

397. The man that stands on the corner seems excited. 

If you put the marks around "that stands on the 
corner," you see that stands is the verb and that is the 
subject. The rest of the sentence is "The man seems 
excited." Seems is the verb and man is the subject. 



VERB FORMS 31 

398. The child who got no present cried. 

Take out ' ' who got no present. ' ' What is the verb ? 
What is the subject? The rest of the sentence is "The 
child cried." What is the verb and what is its subject! 

399. The ring which suits me best is the most expensive 
one. 

Take out ' ' which suits me best ' ' and name the verb 
and the subject. In the rest of the sentence what is 
the verb and what is its subject? 

400. He asked me what would please me. 

In "what would please me" name the verb and the 
subject. 

In each of the following twelve sentences there is one 
group of words of this kind, each beginning with who or 
which or that or what. Name the verbs and subjects in 
each sentence. 

401. A man who tells small lies will surely tell big ones. 

402. The rugs that cover his floor cost several thousand 
dollars. 

403. The little thing which hurt his pride most was 
Amy's snicker. 

404. He wants to know what has been wrong with me. 

405. Heels which have been run over can be quickly 
repaired by this process. 

406. If he asks you what came in the mail, say nothing. 



32 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

407. The stenographer who had been taking down his 
dictation turned to Caldecott. 

408. The old Newfoundland dog was a pet that had 
grown up with the children. 

409. He asked me what was going to happen. 

410. I gave it to the quartermaster, who turned it over 
to the captain. 

411. I want a camera that will take a larger picture. 

412. The housing which carries the load is cast from a 
specially annealed metal. 



NOUNS 

A noun is a word used as a name. 

I. A noun may be the name of a person or place or 
animal or ship or time or institution: Jessica lived in 
Venice. Pliil named his dog Trekko. The Leviathan 
carried 17,000 soldiers. Congress took a vacation in 
August. 

II. A noun may be the name of a thing: pencil, 
house, tree, brick, racket, hair, snow, wheel, weed, rope, 
dust, water. 

III. A noun may be the name of a collection of 
things or persons: dozen, set, committee, crowd, flock, 
bunch, troop, army. 

IV. A noun may be the name of a quality : thinness, 
luxury, taste, depth, slowness, hesitation, amazement, 
nervousness, wealth, hope, mercy. 

Nouns that begin with capital letters are called 
"proper nouns." All others are called "common 
nouns. ' ' 

In each of the following sentences (413-424) there 
are four, and only four, nouns. Find them. The ordi- 
nary test of a common noun is that we could naturally 
use a or the before it. 

413. From the dock we drove up a crooked street to the 
hotel, which had three red towers. 
33 



34 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

414. The coffee that they served for breakfast had a 
color as black as ink. 

415. A cluster of people on the sidewalk were waiting 
for their mail. 

416. Joseph grabbed the handle of the hoe and let out 
a yell. 

417. Three months seems a long time to a fellow who 
is looking forward to Christmas. 

418. My average was low last week because I had to be 
in the hospital one day. 

419. The result of shortening the distance was to lessen 
the danger to the travelers. 

420. The Indians had to do a lot of work for a very 
small crop. 

421. The length of a fish is no measure of the skill re- 
quired to catch it. 

422. In September England seemed to be at the height 
of her power. 

423. Peace is something that we have to fight for ; God 
doesn't make us a present of it. 

424. In a low tone he asked if I wouldn't give him credit 
for stopping the fearful waste in that locality. 

Some of the following sentences (425-465) contain 
six or seven nouns, or even more ; some have no nouns in 
them. 

425. It shows the time in complete darkness as well as in 
the brightest sunshine. 

426. We have styles to meet all requirements. 

427. Nobody waved a broad-brimmed hat in salute to 
the Old World or in farewell to the ocean. 



NOUNS 35 

428. Then John started in on the pile of bills, putting 
down the amount given at the bottom of each sheet. 

429. The little bell that tinkled in the corner was the 
signal for lunch. 

430. Don't inquire of me if you really want to know 
why he acted so queerly. 

431. The office of the managing editor was one of a 
series of rooms opening on a hall that flanked the 
composing-room on two sides. 

432. A double chin overran his collar, and on any sud- 
den motion his chops undulated like soft jelly. 

433. Don't talk about heroic moods and the idea of 
self-sacrifice. 

434. On the next day he would have set fire to an 
orphan-asylum if he thought he could win votes in 
that way. 

435. Nothing else matters a whoop as long as you can 
gain influence and gather in the money. 

436. Mind you, I 'm not trying to tell exactly what hap- 
pened, but only to give the general impression. 

437. Once in a book on entomology Buster had seen a 
picture that stuck to his memory like mucilage to 
an envelope. 

438. "Why cannot the navy," demands Mr. McCumber, 
1 ' use some of its fleet to capture this little trawler ? ' ' 

439. The hospital is a building of fireproof construc- 
tion, containing wards with accommodations for 
185 patients. 

440. "Cut the ulcer to the bone," was Garfield's order 
to his Attorney General in the beginning of the in- 
quiry into the suspected frauds. 



36 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

441. During all the rest of the afternoon he maintained 
a sulky silence, kicking his heels at intervals against 
the railing. 

442. To understand all these properly one must notice 
very sharply whatever he points at. 

443. There is no better way in which they can show 
their desire to help win the war. 

444. More than a billion dollars is to be raised by the 
taxes on beverages. 

445. I beg every member of the Boy Scouts of America 
to realize that the service rendered by the boys has 
been greatly appreciated by the whole nation, and 
that not only the officials of the Treasury are look- 
ing to them for help in the fourth campaign, but 
that the whole country expects it. 

446. The operator made spiteful clickings and thrust 
numerous pegs into black holes. 

447. After a frightened inspection of the equipment 
around his plate he turned appealing eyes to Mrs. 
Plinth. 

448. An increase in the business of all the companies 
was shown in a report given to the public last 
night. 

449. There sat poor Munn, an island of silence in a per- 
fect ocean of loud conversation. 

450. The winter will bring an increase of the difficulty, 
with the threat that the supply of boxes for some 
months will be cut off entirely. 

451. In this time of stress American wheat assures the 
forces of liberty sufficient food for the next year. 

452. The other visitor was an energetic bishop, whose 



NOUNS 37 

chief interest in life was the spiritual welfare of 
everybody in the city. 

453. That has been our experience on several occasions. 

454. No wounded soldiers of any nationality ever got 
better care than those Turks. 

455. The charge that Germany is unfit to rule colonies 
reminds us in a blunt manner of a hideous truth. 

456. "With a lap to go Kramer did not appear to have a 
chance ; but at the first turn he cut loose, and with 
a mad sprint, using every ounce of strength he had, 
he speeded down the stretch, nipping Verri at the 
tape. 

457. "VVe rolled, bumped, and teetered down off the 
fearful road and came into a vast Mohammedan 
burial ground, in the midst of which stands the 
mosque-like tomb of the Caliph Omar. 

458. It is their own spot, and nothing we could possibly 
do would add anything to the honor that is already 
theirs. 

459. Smith sank a fifteen-foot putt at the second extra 
hole for a birdie three, and the match was over. 

460. I believe I can safely say that none have been 
shipped across yet. 

461. The modern idea of camouflage as applied to ships 
is to offer the torpedo such a queer, deceptive tar- 
get that a hit is only a matter of luck. 

462. The headquarters had been in one of the beautiful 
chateaux, whose grace four years of war had not 
blotted out, and the magnificence of which could 
not die while the remnants of the structure re- 
mained. 



38 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

463. These sturdy buildings, made entirely of steel, are 
widely used as garages, hospitals, and for other 
similar purposes. 

464. But I know now what fear is, because I was caught 
in that mad rush and stood in the outer rim of that 
crowd with a bayonet less than a foot from the pit 
of my stomach. 

465. Can you realize what this stupendous increase of 
revenue means to every Southerner'? 

Sentences 466-519 are for additional or review work 
in finding subjects. 

466. The regiment confidently advanced. 

467. Our thoughts at that moment were not fit to print. 

468. Every man in that vast audience of excited people 
rose to his feet. 

469. Suddenly out of the muddy water came the alli- 
gator's snout. 

470. The castle, on a peninsula about a hundred 
yards long, could be seen from the end of the 
lake. 

471. There on one side of the hall sat Wilson, and oppo- 
site him lay in sleepy contentment his dog. 

472. The scowl of our unwilling host gradually gave 
place to a smile. 

473. Mrs. Hall, according to this woman's story, fre- 
quently suffered from dizzy spells. 

474. There was not very much milk in the pitcher. 

475. The Senate, by unanimous consent, agreed to vote 
at 4 o'clock. 



NOUNS 39 

476. A sudden blow east of Arras, by Canadian troops, 
rolled the Germans back nearly two miles. 

477. And a jolly good fight they would have put up, too. 

478. The sharp bows of the ' ' Invincible ' ' cut through it 
like a knife. 

479. My greatest surprise of the day, and certainly the 
most welcome, came at supper-time. 

480. Then the hammering of our shells began to tell 
rapidly, so that her firing at last became spasmodic, 
and finally, with the exception of a single gun, 
ceased altogether. 

481. Even his laugh, showing all his white teeth, was 
unpleasant. 

482. Since the entrance of the United States into the 
war there has been a further decline in the produc- 
tion of phosphate. 

483. Before eating anything Peter, with bowed head, 
said a short prayer. 

484. Sentiment all over the country apparently is strong 
in favor of not increasing the coal-diggers' wages. 

485. Have you been pleased with my performance? 

486. Fifteen dollars I paid for it. 

487. Absence of any mention of our troops in the day's 
fighting leads the experts to speculating on the 
reason. 

488. Mr. Held, the former sheriff, in an interview with a 
reporter, admitted that queer things had been done. 

489. "They are putting a barrel of gunpowder under 
you," shouted the crab. 

490. Several men from Hodginville testified to the same 
fact. 



40 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

491. Bad feeling between the farmers and the commis- 
sion merchants has resulted from this failure. 

492. The enemy's forces on the right-wing of the battle 
line are now on a high plateau. 

493. The writer of this gem of financial wisdom does 
not say how much the bride ought to have. 

494. The feature of yesterday's practice was the tack- 
ling of the new dummies. 

495. Along the whole of this coast-line during the last 
three months the summer people have been spend- 
ing their thousands. 

496. The scarcity of tobacco in Germany has led to the 
manufacture of a "standard" cigarette. 

497. What experience have you ever had in sailing a 
yawl? 

498. At both ends of the line and at several points in 
the center the new tactics of surrounding strong 
points continue to set the enemy back. 

499. Definite arrangements have been made for im- 
porting 3,000,000 tons of cereals. 

500. The story of the attack upon Captain Parker's 
ship, the "Diomed," differs from previous tales of 
submarine work. 

501. The reckless throwing to bases by our new catcher 
was largely responsible for the big score against us. 

502. What would this brain-storming Kaiser give to 
stand in Foch's shoes? 

503. A British airplane, carrying its crew and nine pas- 
sengers, has made a trip to Paris. 

504. The strong point of the California packing indus- 
try is the furnishing of useful foods. 



NOUNS 41 

505. The call for a new immigration bill is based on 
the idea of rushing matters. 

506. On the other hand, the large high schools west of 
the Hudson send up very few candidates. 

507. Residents living in the Bruce Park section are 
greatly incensed about a boat painted red, white, 
and black. 

508. The victory bringing such a peace must be won 
before the year is over. 

509. A general idea of his demands may be gained 
by reading his recent speeches. 

510. The great oil wells in the Tampico district are 
managed by British and American companies. 

511. Why should the employment of youths of 18 and 
19 be opposed in Congress? 

512. Among these many agencies for good is the Uni- 
versity Settlement Society of 184 Eldridge Street. 

513. Another passenger on the same ship was Mrs. 
J. Howe Merrill of Ottawa. 

514. Here comes that much-talked-about aggregation 
of novelties. 

515. Among these August plays there is, of course, a 
sprinkling of farce. 

516. Before leaving for Halifax Sir Robert made an- 
other statement. 

517. Only yesterday was the marriage of Miss Scott and 
Lieut. Titus announced. 

518. A hurry call for an air-pump to revive the third 
act might give the comedy a chance to live. 

519. Down from the roof slid the smiling Teddy. 



PREDICATE NOMINATIVES 

A noun used after a verb to describe the subject is a 
"predicate nominative." 

That building is a hospital. 
Billings was made a sergeant. 

A predicate nominative tells what the subject is or 
was or became ; it means the same thing as the subject 
and describes the subject. 

That corn will be good food. 
The long rope became a nuisance. 
Knapp was elected chairman. 

In each of the following sentences (520-539) name 
the predicate nominative and give the reason — like 
this: "Nuisance is the predicate nominative; it means 
the same thing as the subject, rope, and describes the 
subject. ' ' 

520. Hildreth will be a more pleasant companion when 
he gets acquainted. 

521. The collie would have been a perfect treasure if 
he had been trained. 

522. Grant always remained a true friend to me. 

523. I am the monarch of all I survey. 

42 



PREDICATE NOMINATIVES 43 

524. This little island is named Egg Rock. 

525. Fire is a good servant. 

526. Newson in his boyhood days was always considered 
a grouchy cuss. 

527. The candlestick on the mantel was the wedding- 
present that she gave to my great-grandmother. 

528. Not until we had taken four ballots was Elson 
elected captain. 

529. Flintlocks were then the best firearm the}' had. 

530. Not long after this brilliant exploit Dewey was 
made an admiral. 

531. Napoleon was called "the little corporal" by his 
soldiers. 

532. After such a stormy trip this shallow cove seemed 
a fairly good harbor. 

533. Such an honor will appear quite a feather in his 
cap. 

534. Thou wilt shortly be a priest in our brotherhood. 

535. His little granddaughter became a great comfort 
during his illness. 

536. Murdock shall be a lawyer if I have anything to 
say about his career. 

537. Those little pecan trees have proved a very paying 
investment. 

538. New Orleans could have been a wealthier city if 
it had not been for yellow fever. 

539. Any little wind may now be the cause of a total loss. 

In the following sentences (540-589) find every noun 
that is used as subject or predicate nominative, and ex- 
plain its use. 



44 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

540. This simple affair is a much more complicated 
apparatus than you might suppose. 

541. The constant noise of these seagulls was the rea- 
son for his building another house a mile from 
shore. 

542. Above them, in a line running north and south 
was placed another row of poles. 

543. Our difficulty then would have been a shortage of 
the necessary raw materials. 

544. Since the election of 1896 there has been no more 
agitation about free silver. 

545. The chief reason for having to be so very careful 
is the lack of first-class gas. 

546. Even if Labor and Capital were the very best of 
friends, there would still be grumbling among the 
employees. 

547. I am not much of a pamphleteer myself. 

548. Admiral Rodman's reputation as the wit of the 
American navy is a proof of the seamen's love of 
humor. 

549. If Stimson had remained a chauffeur, he would 
never have been known among medical men. 

550. Our contribution would have been a much bigger 
fund if the clerks had understood the object 
of it. 

551. Admiral Niblack was born at Vincennes, Indiana, 
in 1859. 

552. So this newsboy died a real hero. 

553. This merchant 's hobby is his farm in Rhode Island. 

554. Putting the cripples back on the industrial payroll 
is no easy task. 



PREDICATE NOMINATIVES 45 

555. Thomson had been through the mill for a quarter 
of a century. 

556. Cooperation between these two boards w T as an al- 
most impossible problem. 

557. There would have been much trouble if Scanlon 
had not kept his wits about him. 

558. We need air for driving rivets in the Kaiser's 
coffin. 

559. Canada's conclusions about immigration should be 
our safest guide. 

560. In the bow must be a water-tight compartment. 

561. I shall be a total wreck if I have to listen to that 
whistling any longer. 

562. This principle was exactly the principle of the 
steam engine. 

563. Economy in the use of sugar will have to be thor- 
oughly impressed on every boy. 

564. The gift of a tenth of his income was made the 
duty of every member of the congregation. 

565. The record of the last three months is a good 
omen. 

566. The first necessity will be sufficient protection by 
the police. 

567. So silent was the great forest that Bill grew 
frightened. 

568. Boston has often been called the hub of the unu 
verse. 

569. To the bashful Ned this young lady seemed a most 
unpleasant addition to the party. 

570. The criminal details of Mr. Wing's skipping are 
not a part of this story. 



46 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

571. The signature on check No. 279 was thus proved 
a forgery. 

572. At the top of the page stood one large, black, 
shocking interrogation point, 

573. Funston was even in those early days considered 
a brilliant leader. 

574. From the lower left point of this dazzling star 
hung the only blue bulb. 

575. His latest story is named "Luck." 

576. The current caught him and swept the whole out- 
fit down stream. 

577. As soon as Mills had been elected treasurer, we 
went at the main business of the meeting. 

578. A physician should be a cheery and confident 
person. 

579. A badger can be a very unpleasant customer if he 
finds himself cornered. 

580. This effort will have been a success if it reduces 
his conceit. 

581. When coffee became a minus quantity in camp, we 
had to get along with tea. 

582. Down off the roof slid about two tons of slushy 
snow. 

583. If only Strothers had let whiskey alone, he could 
have been cashier by this time. 

584. The woman whose head was turned away from us 
was the would-be detective. 

585. We should have been a pretty sight if mother had 
happened along just then. 

586. The moose had not been out of sight for two 
seconds before his mate came along. 



PREDICATE NOMINATIVES 47 

587. Laura, the head-waitress at the Arrowhead Inn, 
had recently been a sophomore in college. 

588. That poor hack-driver has been standing on the 
corner without moving for three hours. 

589. The Chicago Times became such a violent criticiser 
of the government that it was suppressed for sev- 
eral months. 



OBJECTS OF VERBS 

In the following sentences the nouns after the verbs 
are ''objects": 

"We built a house. 
He is winding his watch. 
They felt the pressure. 
She gave a reception. 

An object noun is always something different from 
the subject. It usually comes after the verb. It answers 
the question "Did w T e build anything?" "Did he wind 
anything?" "Did they feel anything?" 

In "He looked at the house" the verb does not have 
an object, because he did not "look the house." In 
"We felt of the water" the verb does not have an object, 
because the sentence does not say that we "felt the 
water." In the following sentences the verbs have no 
object: 

They listened to the music. 
We stood by the water. 
The squirrel ran along the fence. 
Let's push through the crowd. 

These subjects do not "listen the music" or "stand 
the water" or "run the fence" or "push the crowd." 

48 



OBJECTS OF VERBS 49 

These words after the verb do not answer the questions, 
"Did they listen anything?" "Did we stand any- 
thing?" "Did it run anything?" "Did we push any- 
thing?" 

Six of the following ten sentences have an object in 
them; four of the sentences have no object. Find the 
six objects by asking, "Did anything?" 

590. I saw a dime in the gutter. 

591. Lefferts waved his hand at us. 

592. The hotel stood near Eighth Avenue. 

593. The old man polished his glasses. 

594. The patient was lying on his left side. 

595. Everyone liked chocolate best. 

596. Take the desk into your room. 

597. I have been writing with a poor pen. 

598. The wind blew in his face. 

599. Hester believed every word he told her. 

In the following sentences (600-712) find every noun 
that is either a subject, a predicate nominative, or an ob- 
ject, and explain its use. 

600. A little later I met Vance walking down the road. 

601. From beyond the mountain rose a pillar of smoke. 

602. She would have been a success as a clerk in a 
florist's shop. 

603. I now opened fifty more gates, and we left the 
cool green of the fields. 

604. At this point the vessel tacked sharply to star- 
board. 



50 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

605. Way down in the heart of the magneto was the 
little speck that had done all the damage. 

606. The fiddle played on with no faltering. 

607. Slowly, slowly sailed the ship. 

608. Here the lady spied a coyote furtively skirting 
some willows on our left. 

609. I watched his actions, for he was now rolling a 
cigarette with the greatest unconcern. 

610. In spite of thirty years of Protestant influence 
Mike remained a true Catholic. 

611. Waif or d was stopping at a boarding-house on the 
isthmus. 

612. Those three chemicals would have been a dangerous 
combination to carry in one box. 

613. A flaring sheet from an old comic Sunday supple- 
ment had been tacked to the wall. 

614. The general's speech was a sort of farewell. 

615. He will sometimes point his wooden sword at a 
person in the crowd. 

616. Later in the day I met a Smith College girl doing 
reconstruction work. 

617. Our rapid retreat and the throwing in of the Ter- 
ritorials was merely a part of the trick. 

618. Overhead, through the dense fog, could be seen the 
flare-lights. 

619. The shrapnel was exploding somewhere in the field 
beyond us. 

620. Ten seconds later these startled men have become 
demons. 

621. Then out on to the piazza came the oddest-looking 
creature you ever saw. 



OBJECTS OP VERBS 51 

622. Many members were ignorant of the meaning of 
these rituals. 

623. The least interruption of his work would have been 
a real calamity. 

624. The Diala River has innumerable tributaries. 

625. Such a sawmill can soon create a huge gap in the 
forest. 

626. At the point where this trail branched off we 
erected a large pile of stones. 

627. They pursued the enemy northward with great 
rapidity. 

628. So the engineers sank an old steamboat right across 
the entrance. 

629. In this way the policemen keep the traffic moving 
rapidly. 

630. This complete rest has been a great change for 
him. 

631. I am now getting the entire lot of stock into my 
own hands. 

632. Jerome had always been our right-hand man. 

633. A wild steer was running down Madison Avenue. 

634. I didn't miss a single dance. 

635. At the age of nine he was left an orphan. 

636. He kept edging nearer the telephone. 

637. There must never again be a leisure class in the 
United States. 

638. Very small indeed was his share of the profits. 

639. Probably no guests will arrive tomorrow. 

640. This "spirit" of theirs was probably a delusion. 

641. Then along came a tired woman to fill the seat. 

642. Do the flies find any food on that chair? 



52 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

643. A dollar's worth of beefsteak would hardly fill my 
stomach. 

644. Slowly and cautiously they pulled their net in. 

645. She had no control over her nerves. 

646. Put a better point on your pencil. 

647. Why should they bring their troubles to me? 

648. Her agents went to foreign capitals to bribe, buy, 
and conspire. 

649. The moment I appeared he clapped the package 
into his suit-case. 

650. This great bowl of broth is almost a meal in 
itself. 

651. Such economy would puzzle the cleverest manager 
alive nowadays. 

652. For three days they had been touring among the 
sandhills. 

653. They have overcome almost insurmountable diffi- 
culties of transportation. 

654. We have been loafing long enough. 

655. We have been dreamers long enough. 

656. This cooking compound was named "lity dust." 

657. Before it was painted, the old shanty had been an 
eyesore to the neighborhood. 

658. If you have never dealt with such a customer, you 
can't imagine the feeling. 

659. Apply some of those durable, comfortable, water- 
proof soles to my shoes. 

660. Both Bethlehem and Midvale had now become com- 
manding units in the steel world. 

661. Far away across the snow could be seen a wisp of 
smoke. 



OBJECTS OF VEKBS 53 

662. Four two-ton trucks will do the work of one freight 
car. 

663. The peculiarity of this car is the small shock- 
absorbers. 

664. He would surely have been a missionary if he had 
not received that appointment. 

665. A five-million-dollar company is considered small 
potatoes in these days. 

666. The swift current slips seaward. 

667. Above all that horrid din rose her clear, calm 
notes. 

668. "That is my lookout," said George quietly. 

669. A more genial fellow I had never seen. 

670. They allow faster travel over enormously greater 
areas. 

671. Two days after their arrival in Chicago they were 
loaded up with Red Cross supplier. 

672. Above the broken walls could be seen some apple 
trees in blossom. 

673. He was poking a life-preserver out toward me. 

674. They were catering to the British Tommy. 

675. On every side is seen the evidence of their thrift. 

676. Amidst all that blare of sound you could plainly 
hear the tinkle of her harp. 

677. If he had done that well in a meet, his time would 
have been a record. 

678. The position of the farmers has been an entirely 
different matter. 

679. That two-mile strip of water still remains an im- 
passable barrier. 

680. You must be quite an expert by this time, 



54 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

681. Who has been such a fool as to leave this gate open? 

682. One simple explanation removed all our difficulties. 

683. Among his other odd tricks was a habit of winking 
rapidly. 

684. You must name the amount you need. 

685. A return of the money should have been your first 
demand. 

686. The judge called for all the documents. 

687. This transaction increased our hatred of the fore- 
man. 

688. Competing with Bullen were the agents of the new 
gas company. 

689. This cleanser will positively eradicate every spot. 

690. He concocted a fake story about a big defeat in 
the Alps. 

691. Under this galvanized surface will be found rusty 
iron. 

692. We Americans simply cannot understand the Arab 
mind. 

693. Our breakfast was altogether too hearty a meal for 
his delicate stomach. 

694. Orrin should, by rights, have been elected captain. 

695. The transmission of this secret to Washington was 
a real feat. 

696. Standing at the ticket-window was the very man 
we were looking for. 

697. Enver had left Constantinople in November to 
take up his duties in the Caucasus. 

698. This extreme carefulness about microbes must be a 
perpetual source of wonder to the natives. 

699. In the narrow passages running off at right angles 



OBJECTS OF VERBS 55 

to the main street are dozens of these little filthy 
opium-dens. 

700. For great structures or for small out-buildings this 
roofing has become a world-wide standard. 

701. Behind them lay a vast streak of orange against the 
edge of the desert. 

702. These fellows who have struggled in Mesopotamia 
certainly deserve some special recognition. 

703. There never could have been any reason for such 
applause. 

704. A red flag was not the proper ornament for that 
corner. 

705. Why didn't you sign your name! 

706. Nearly 77$ of these children were under the legal 
age. 

707. For the last month I have been an assistant to the 
chief surgeon. 

708. At the bottom of tne bottle was a chalky sediment. 

709. A compass would have been a very handy thing 
at that moment. 

710. Jerry was always considered a bluffer until that 
night. 

711. We tried every device we could think of. 

712. There on the dock, patiently waiting for us, sat the 
councilor. 



PRONOUNS 

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. 
I. The ' ' personal ' ' pronouns are : 



I 


we 


thou 




you or ye 


my or mine 


our or ours 


thy or 


thine 


your or yours 


me 


us 


thee 




you 


he 


she 


it 




they 


his 


her or hers 


its 




their or theirs 


him 


her 


it 




them 



Personal pronouns often have self or selves added to 
them: myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, himself, her- 
self, itself, themselves. 

II. The " demonstrative ' ' pronouns are seen in the 
following sentences : 

This is not my hat. 
These are the best. 
That will never do. 
Those will be much cheaper. 

III. The indefinite pronouns are seen in the follow- 
ing sentences: All are ready. Haven't you any? Many 
are spoiled. Take both. Give each a chance. Either 
will do. Neither can swim. None was left. One hates 

56 



PRONOUNS 57 

to think that. The other got some at last. Has anyone 
gone ? 

In the following sentences (713-748) find all the pro- 
nouns of these three kinds that are subjects, predicate 
nominatives, or objects of a verb; explain the use of 
each. 

713. They are giving themselves to this cause. 

714. Each has one in his knapsack. 

715. The man at the port-hole is surely he. 

716. Those will please all who have been complaining. 

717. Can't we choose her for our queen? 

718. If any of the rascals complain, give this to them. 

719. Why, thou art now eating it ! 

720. You will soon see that both will order that. 

721. Either will prostrate him. 

722. Some call them " balsam firs." 

723. Now I lay me down to sleep. 

724. These will please none of their finicky customers. 

725. She really disliked neither of her admirers. 

726. Others will overwhelm you with thanks. 

727. Many of the natives treated us most kindly. 

728. As to that, thou mayest please thyself. 

729. He thought Alfred was a fine fellow, but me he 
seemed to despise. 

730. Treat yourself to one. 

731. Each called the other a quitter. 

732. We considered ourselves his superiors. 

733. Can't you take us along with you? 

734. Perhaps those in the other basket are the right ones. 



58 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

735. She made thee the King's favorite. 

736. Haven't you forgotten him yet? 

737. I saw her only yesterday. 

738. Gradually it twisted itself through the crevice. 

739. They took all that were left. 

740. Aren't any of you coveting that? 

741. Some drink this without sugar. 

742. Both are capturing many every day. 

743. I will take neither, if you please. 

744. Has either of these melons been plugged ? 

745. These are none of my belongings. 

746. I will handicap myself by owing 30. 

747. Them he ate greedily. 

748. He put himself at the head of the list. 



ADJECTIVES 

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pro- 
noun : a white horse, a lively time, the back way, a rws% 
nail, many people, he was Mind, 

Some adjectives point out or give the number of 
nouns: this pin, those glasses, many fellows, some peo- 
ple, sixteen hours. 

Each of the following ten sentences contains either 
three or four adjectives. Find each adjective and say 
what noun it modifies. 

749. The gray gull perched on a red buoy was a pretty 
sight. 

750. This colossal enterprise, undertaken by incom- 
petent men, was a pitiful failure. 

751. This irritable old man had a large contract. 

752. Windsor appears as a huge round tower on a bushy 
hill. 

753. Do a little bit for the good cause by telling the 
next fellow you see about it. 

754. All grime on greasy knuckles quickly yields to 
a small amount of lard. 

755. We fitted on one of your new woven endless belts. 

756. Here you see a spacious interior, wide seats, and 
deep upholstering. 

757. A deaf and dumb porter stood at the open door. 

758. Even in their crude state these pneumatic tires dis- 
closed important possibilities, 



PREDICATE ADJECTIVES 

Adjectives are often predicate nominatives after 
verbs to describe the subjects. These are called "predi- 
cate adjectives/' 

The boys were hungry. 
I was thoroughly mad. 
The scheme might have been successful. 

Each of the following ten sentences contains four 
adjectives. Find them and say what each modifies. 

759. Our thin, wiry competitor was now humble and 
eager to get through. 

760. When a fat man is sick, he has a smaller chance 
for quick recovery. 

761. We are now familiar with a better way of getting 
prompt and speedy results. 

762. In his usual vivacious way he told the ancient, 
deathless story. 

763. Everyday and fancy dishes at our house grew bet- 
ter and more wholesome after that. 

764. These Yiddish customs of antique times seem 
laughable now. 

765. A dirty flannel shirt was considered respectable in 
our summer colony. 

60 






PREDICATE ADJECTIVES 61 

766. Paper clothes and imitation coffee were not help- 
ful in keeping up high spirits. 

767. Today there is less ready cash in the Indian states 
than in former years. 

768. The recent dangerous experiment has proved use- 
ful for night raids. 



ADVERBS 

Adverbs modify verbs. 

He called loudly. 
Janet answered quickly. 
The stevedore then spoke. 
I will next introduce Mr. Way. 
Often I have wondered. 
Can't you steer straight? 
I have not found it. 
How could he tell? 
Certainly you may. 
Where can he possibly be? 

In the next ten sentences find sixteen adverbs that 
modify verbs. 

769. The ship sailed slowly. 

770. Seldom have we seen such a sight. 

771. Never will those days come again. 

772. He has not yet clearly seen us. 

773. Come up soon and give us your advice. 

774. Peevishly he inquired our business. 

775. Surely that material will be durable. 

776. He grew restless. 

777. He rose unsteadily, wondering that she spoke thus. 

778. He stands it well now, but will he be able to keep 
the pace long? 

62 



ADVERBS 63 

Adverbs modify adjectives. 

He was very well. 
She is dangerously ill. 
I am so glad you have come. 
The tank is nearly empty. 

In the next ten sentences find nine adverbs that 
modify adjectives and fourteen that modify verbs. 

779. Finally we shall become very weary, and possibly 
we shall have to quit. 

780. The road is certainly rather rough, but perhaps we 
can make better time by taking it. 

781. He generously gave us a jar that was half full of 
the precious liquid. 

782. He was apparently quite sure of himself. 

783. The chairman declared excitedly that he was "ex- 
ceedingly ready" that his enemies should come 
forward. 

784. A man who is extremely cautious seldom sees that 
he can easily succeed. 

785. I am slightly curious to know whether you can 
do that safely. 

786. He was more anxious than he was willing to admit 
to us. 

787. Slowly the dazed and trembling lad climbed aloft. 

788. This paper is surely somewhat smoother. 

Adverbs modify other adverbs. 

She sang very sweetly. 
They acted less politely. 
He turned somewhat sharply. 



64 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

In the next ten sentences find all the adverbs and say 
what each modifies. There may be eight adverbs in one 
sentence, or there may not be any. 

789. She kept urging him more earnestly. 

790. He sipped his cocktail very gingerly. 

791. How shall I ever get entirely familiar with all 
these ropes? 

792. Henry has just now gone out and will probably not 
be back again soon. 

793. Do you suppose that any human being has really 
done his full duty this summer ? 

794. Most splendidly did he perform the almost impos^ 
sible duty that was thus unexpectedly laid upon 
him. [Upon is not an adverb.] 

795. She ran quite fast sometimes. 

796. Suddenly the signals stopped completely. 

797. They are publishing a hundred and fifty periodi- 
cals, which have a combined circulation of a mil- 
lion and a half copies. 

798. We had gradually been getting a little ahead, but 
now we suddenly found that the Irene was crawl- 
ing forward steadily. 






PREPOSITIONS 

A preposition is a word that joins a noun or pronoun 
to some other word so as to modify it. 

He climbed to the top. 
Let's walk behind him. 

The noun or pronoun is called the ''object" cf the 
preposition. The preposition and its object form a 
''phrase." The phrase to the top modifies climbed, like 
an adverb, showing where he climbed. The phrase be- 
hind him modifies walk, like an adverb, showing where 
we are to walk. 

That was a time of excitement. 
There is a call for money. 

The phrase of excitement modifies the noun time, like 
an adjective; and for money modifies the noun call. 

A preposition never modifies anything by itself. It 
is always the whole phrase that modifies. If a phrase 
modifies a noun or pronoun, it is an adjective phrase. 
If it modifies any other kind of word, it is an adverb 
phrase. 

In each of the next ten sentences there are two 
prepositions. Find each, say what its object is, what the 

65 



66 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

phrase modifies, and then which kind of phrase (ad- 
jective or adverb) it is. 

799. Don't you come to your meals with a good appe- 
tite? 

800. They fell among the weeds beside the road. 

801. At the appointed hour he drove up the avenue. 

802. In a few words he told us about the fearful acci- 
dent. 

803. Joe stood on the doorstep till dusk. 

804. By nature he was less healthy, and he was more 
aware of other people's nervousness. 

805. Without a cent for carfare he descended the gang- 
way. 

806. After dinner we walked across the street. 

807. Since that day Austria has been under the Kaiser's 
thumb. 

808. From Norwich we walked toward New London. 

In the following sentences (809-842) select all the 
adverbs and prepositions, and say how each is used. 
Remember that an adverb never has an object ; a prepo- 
sition always has one. Be careful not to include any 
predicate adjectives. 

809. Come over and help us tomorrow. 

810. We walked about the town until sundown. 

811. Within a few hours the Russians arrived and 
looked for it in every direction. 

812. The room was all silent at the conclusion of the 
song. 






PREPOSITIONS 157 

813. We shall be mighty glad to have you go there and 
look at them. 

814. Grimly he tore the letter up and threw down the 
fragments to the floor. 

815. Here he was shut in by four walls. 

816. Underneath his long rain-coat he carried a pair of 
Indian-clubs. 

817. Walk inside and look around the room. 

818. She was zipping along under full sail. 

819. We will go further out presently. 

820. Beyond this point the road ran perfectly straight. 

821. Keep well outside if you value your life. 

822. Up the steep side we went, beside the noisy stream. 

823. We walked along the shore, down a wooded path. 

824. Nothing except some tin cans was found after an 
hour's search. 

825. Don't go any further beyond; the road is not alto- 
gether safe. 

826. The tide is about full now. 

827. Past the old Mission wound a remarkably attractive 
trail. 

828. The stranger struggled, gasping for breath, but he 
knew the whole time that his struggles were en- 
tirely useless. 

829. When you get past the sixth chapter, the book is 
very much more interesting. 

830. He is hoping against hope, vainly trying to keep 
cheerful. 

831. Freeman walked guilelessly into the closet. 

832. The little message was carefully folded inside the 
cigarette. 



68 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

833. And a mighty good score they would have turned 
in. 

834. We had been living our usual hand-to-mouth exist- 
ence during the past three months. 

835. Can you safely stay under so long? 

836. They were now within hailing distance. 

837. Since that day we have never seen him. 

838. They hang around almost every night. 

839. He was rather nervous at the outset. 

840. Very soon afterwards their accuracy fell off 
rapidly. 

841. The whole Turkish people felt that a historic mo- 
ment had arrived. 

842. There — way up yonder — you can just dimly see 
them. 



INDIRECT OBJECTS 

With a direct object of a verb there may be a noun 
or pronoun that shows — without any preposition — * ' to or 
for whom" the action is done. This is called the "in- 
direct object." 

Hand me that eraser. 

I will buy Merton an ice-cream. 

In the first sentence what are you to hand? You are 
to hand the eraser; eraser is the direct object. To whom 
are you to hand it? Me is the indirect object. In the 
second sentence what am I going to buy? The direct 
object is ice-cream. For whom shall I buy it? Merton 
is the indirect object. 

Notice three things: (1) With an indirect object 
there is always a direct object. (2) In the following 
sentences the indirect object always comes first. (3) 
There is never a preposition with an indirect object. 
In "Buy some ice-cream for Merton" the noun Merton 
is the object of for. 

In the following sentences (843-907)) find all the 
direct and indirect objects, all the predicate nominatives, 
and all subjects that come after the verb. In many of 
the sentences there is no otfject. Keep your eyes open. 

843. Give Lester a chance. 

844. The ambassador presented Rumania an ultimatum. 



70 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

845. We offered Mallon a job at $42 a week. 

846. Why do you write a letter to that poor chump ? 

847. Our heedlessness makes the teacher an awful lot 
of trouble. 

848. Never show a trout your shadow. 

849. Out of the third-story windows appeared several 
puffs of smoke. 

850. Write me the petty happenings of your daily life. 

851. If you read aloud to Ferris, he goes to sleep. 

852. Elsa knit her brother a red sweater. 

853. See if you can find me some larger sizes. 

854. Next year we will return him the entire balance. 

855. That offer seemed to us a mighty good opening. 

856. Occasionally there are people who forget all about 
a predicate nominative. 

857. The very obliging agent procured the invalid a 
lower berth. 

858. Editors are tired of people who "drop them a line 
occasionally. ' ' 

859. Right into the jaws of death marched the six 
hundred. 

860. ' ' Oh, Boy ! ' ' has now been played for ten weeks. 

861. See if you can't get us a morning paper. 

862. Why don't you tell her the truth? 

863. Please read me the headlines. 

864. Teach us Thy way. 

865. You must learn that, my son. 

866. For fifty dollars a sitting he will paint you a full- 
length portrait of yourself. 

?67. And forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our 
debtors. 



INDIRECT OBJECTS 71 

868. The boys felt more cheerful at night, when the 
guide fried them a big steak. 

869. Snuggled in among the star-fish was a little snail. 

870. Janet mixed the Colonel an egg-nog. 

871. Iodine causes the microbes a lot of trouble. 

872. In closing her letter she wished him many happy 
returns of the day. 

873. Won't your father knock us out a few flies? 

874. The old lady picked the corporal a bunch of helio- 
trope. 

875. If he begins to get over-confident, serve him some 
cuts. 

876. Do unto others as you would that others should 
do unto you. 

877. For just that one moment he forgot about the 
signal. 

878. You might at least do your mother that little 
favor, I should think. 

879. We return you herewith your undated check. 

880. A prompt decision has brought many a man a 
fortune. 

881. Seever sent his secretary word that he could not 
get to the office. 

882. The clerk sold me a hat that I didn't really want. 

883. In the nest were six eggs that the mother bird had 
deserted. 

884. Fritzi sang the Tommies the songs they called for. 

885. Since he is a stranger, I think I shall enclose him 
a stamp for reply. 

886. Jacob cooked his old father a mess of pottage. 

887. Build thee more stately mansions. 



72 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

888. A little forethought would have saved the post- 
master all his trouble. 

889. A victrola would afford the whole company a great 
deal of amusement. 

890. The pickpocket passed his partner the watch while 
everybody was looking at his other hand. 

891. They have assigned us number 3. 

892. I should consider it a very great honor if you 
would allow me the privilege of helping you. 

893. Save me a piece. 

894. If you think there is any danger that you have 
been seen, slip me the bundle and run for it. 

895. On top of the mast fluttered a queer red cornucopia. 

896. Carver gave him up to the authorities. 

897. The endorsement appeared quite all right at first 
glance. 

898. Pour me a glass of water — quick ! 

899. The Moroccans sold him to a trader. 

900. I signaled him a second message. 

901. Grandmother's will left me nothing but a few 
spoons and shawls. 

902. Just off his starboard bow was something that 
looked suspicious. 

903." Until I reach home again, you had better not mail 
me any more letters. 

904. If you're in a hurry, drop me here. 

905. I'll bet I can make him ashamed. 

906. Couldn't you grant the chaplain a very brief 
interview ? 

907. Oh, lend the fellow a hundred. 



ADVERBIAL NOUNS 

A noun that shows how much or when or where or 
how is called an "adverbial noun." It is in the ob- 
jective case. 

He waited three days. 
Can't you come Thursday? 
Do it the way I tell you. 

These nouns are not objects, for the subjects did 
not "wait the days" or "come the Thursday" or "do 
the way." These nouns modify, like adverbs, showing 
how long he waited, when you can come, how you are 
to do it. 

Such nouns may modify an adjective or an adverb, 
showing how much. 

The plank is three inches thick. 
I saw him three days ago. 

The plank was thick to the extent of three inches; 
I saw him ago (in past time) as much as three days. 

In each of the ten sentences below there is an ad- 
verbial noun. Explain the use of each. 

908. The stick projected several feet above the water. 

909. How many days will he be here ? 

73 



74 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

910. I have waited a long time. 

911. The gentleman must go this evening. 

912. Hold my watch a minute. 

913. He didn't help us a whole lot. 

914. We thought a great deal of him. 

915. The oranges sell for 72 cents a dozen. 

916. No man ever ran 100 yards in 9 seconds. 

917. We must have walked seven miles. 

A noun used in speaking to someone is called a 
"nominative of address." 

Hey, Lynch, where are you? 
Welcome to our city, old chappie! 

A noun used as an exclamation is called a "nomina* 
tive of exclamation. ' ' 

Heavens, what a mistake! 
My word! That's a queer one. 

Explain the nominatives of address and exclamation 
in the ten sentences below. Two of the sentences do not 
contain any such nominative. 

918. Lord ! That will never do, Harry. 

919. Is it true, my good fellow, that you have never 
been to church? 

920. I like Tom pretty well, but I must confess, sonny, 
that I don't care for Ned. 

921. You rascal, I'll settle with you for that. 

922. Your clever crooks, you see, know better than to 
try any such game. 



ADVERBIAL NOUNS 75 

923. Mercy! Don't you ever do that again, child. 

924. Out in Idaho, mother, they think differently about 
the I. W. W. 

925. Oh, my father doesn't mind. 

926. Walbridge, old man, how are you? 

927. Good night! There's a zero for you, Pete! 



APPOSITIVES 

A noun that is set alongside another noun to explain 
it is "in apposition with" that noun. 

Tulare, a town in California, was his birthplace. 
His watch, an old Swiss timepiece, had been stolen. 
The germ that causes boils — staphylococcus — enters some 
hole in the skin. 

Town is in apposition with Tulare; timepiece is in 
apposition with watch; staphylococcus is in apposition 
with germ. 

Nouns in apposition are usually set off by commas or 
dashes or parentheses, but not always. 

My brother Aleck has gone. 

Aleck is in apposition with brother. 

Explain the appositives in the ten sentences below. 
There are eleven of them. Some of the sentences contain 
no appositive. 

928. The common house-fly, a most dangerous pest for 
the human race, is a dipteron — a two-winged in- 
sect. 

70 






APPOSITIVES 77 

929. This yellow mushroom (the deadly amanita) is de- 
scribed at length in our book, Edible Fungi. 

930. A yawl is a craft with a small mast aft of the tiller. 

931. A bond — a promise to pay — is quite different from 
a share of stock-^a certificate of partnership. 

932. His latest travels, a trip in Tibet, are now shown 
on the screen. 

933. The first man in power, Kerensky, was not able 
to achieve his purpose — a democracy for Russia. 

934. "Woevre" describes the section west of Verdun, 
where the line has never changed its position. 

935. Counting on heavy indemnities, an amount of 
seven billions or more, Germany planned to make 
France pay high tuition for her Kultur lessons. 

936. A profiteer, though he may be making extremely 
big winnings,, is not necessarily a bad citizen. 

937. Every chemist is to be under the orders of the 
General staff — the "Commercial Federation." 

In the next twenty sentences find all the nouns that 
are used adverbially, all the nouns that are nominatives 
of address or exclamation, and all the nouns that are in 
apposition. 

938. Over fifty years of unbroken success have proved 
the worth of this remedy. 

939. Get a stick about five feet long, Harry, and run it 
under that third support, the plank with a knot- 
hole in it. 

940. Children from four to ten years old — boys and 
girls — will be admitted. 



78 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

941. You waited ten hours? Nonsense! 

942. Miss Enoch's school (Fairland Hall) is only two 
blocks from here. 

943. That day the French showed their same old spirit, 
their "elan." 

944. Thus they were led into their usual blunder last 
week — an attempt to land at low tide. 

945. Come on, fellows! They're only five yards away 
from the goal. 

946. This summer they hoped to destroy our "bridge 
of boats, ' ' that steady flow of transports and cargo 
ships. 

947. The water there is fully six fathoms deep — 36 feet. 

948. Our sacrifices have been too great and bitter to 
allow us to pause now. 

949. The Lord Mayor of London, J. Austin Chamber- 
lain, says that there is no possibility that there 
can be a food-shortage in England next year. 

950. Foolishness ! Do you think, sir, that two boys can 
budge a rock that weighs five tons? 

951. The 26th chapter, the most interesting of the 
book, is only seven pages long. 

952. The island is about 60 kilometers from shore — 36 
miles. 

953. These brave newspaper-fighters, the "mouth war- 
riors," already predict that we can win this 
fall. 

954. In Norway, Sweden's next-door neighbor, they 
have been anti-German for months. 

955. Professor True, a Wisconsin man, lectured a whole 
hour on the value of goat's milk. 



APPOSITIVES 79 

956. Next period we have algebra, the subject I like 
best. 

957. They landed at this point — this "stormy and rock- 
bound coast" — three centuries ago. 



ACTIVE PARTICIPLES 

A word that comes from a verb and is used like an 
adjective is a "participle." 

Under a spreading tree. 

He walks with faltering step. 

Drawn by a puffing engine. 

These participles are not verbs, because they do not 
assert anything ; they do not say that the tree is spread- 
ing or that the engine was puffing. They simply show 
what kind of tree, what kind of engine; they modify 
the nouns ; they are like adjectives. 

They are called "active" participles because they 
show that the nouns are doing the action. 

Participles are often separated from the nouns that 
they modify. 

Wishing to be alone, Albert locked the door. 
Finally we gave it up, not daring to go further. 

In order to find out what noun or pronoun a par- 
ticiple modifies ask "Who or what wishing?" "Who or 
what daring?" 

In two ways participles are like verbs : they may have 
predicate nominatives or objects after them; they may 
be modified by adverbs. 

80 



ACTIVE PARTICIPLES 81 

Picking his way carefully along through the trees, Neil 
tried to keep a straight course. 

"Who or what picking?" Neil. The participle 
modifies Neil like an adjective. Yet it has an object, 
way, and is modified by the adverbs carefully and along, 
and by the phrase through the trees. 

He paused a moment when he heard that twig crack, being 
by nature a cautious man. 

"Who or what being V 9 Being is like an adjective, 
modifying he. Yet it is modified by the adverb phrase 
by nature and has a predicate nominative after it, man. 

In each of the next twenty sentences there is one 
active participle. Find each one and say what noun or 
pronoun it modifies. 

958. Thinking these gloomy thoughts, Olson sat in his 
solitary cell. 

959. Never pausing a minute, he fired a two-hour ad- 
dress at us. 

960. This baked halibut is a very satisfying dish after 
a long afternoon's work. 

961. He averaged 18 hours a day at the wheel, totaling 
for the entire run almost 2000 miles. 

962. Coming back we were less fortunate. 

963. Leighton was entirely innocent, supposing natu- 
rally that we were not going to return. 

964. This is a practical manual explaining completely 
what you want to know. 



82 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

965. Gushing oil-wells are hard to control. 

966. The two roads leading from this point looked ex- 
actly alike to us. 

967. Martin, becoming very sleepy, decided to turn in. 

968. Thus increasing gradually from year to year, the 
crop has become a very important one. 

969. Covering the Avails entirely on three sides were 
great masses of ivy. 

970. We are very anxious to get this tree to grow, 
having so little shade in the yard. 

971. Finally growing stronger by this course of treat- 
ment, Shepherd decided to leave the hospital. 

972. Except for one noticeable ridge extending from 
my left ear in a southwesterly direction, nobody 
would know that the work hadn't been done by a 
real barber. 

973. The shocking railroad accident, that in ordinary 
times would have had half the front page of the 
newspapers, has hardly been noticed. 

974. He now needs a much larger allowance because of 
the rapidly increasing cost of living. 

975. Knowing by instinct that he was inquiring about 
her, she listened intently. 

976. I was wondering while you were coming down 
stairs whether we had been ordering more coal 
than an economizing family needs. 

977.« During the game something was continually con- 
fusing the umpire, causing him to make five rotten 
decisions. 

An active participle may be composed of two words. 



ACTIVE PARTICIPLES 83 

The parson, having made his decision, would not budge. 
Having known him all my life, I could not believe this. 

In the following ten sentences find eight of these 
"compound" active participles and say what each 
modifies. 

978. Never having felt any desire for an education, she 
had no ambition for her son. 

979. We declined the invitation, having had a warning 
that we should be bored stiff. 

980. So Tony, not having dreamed of any such reward, 
was quite overcome. 

981. At nine he woke up, having slept thirteen hours 
at a stretch. 

982. While they were having such a good time in the 
attic, they did not notice the approaching storm. 

983. Having prepared three lessons, he felt that he had 
earned a night's rest. 

984. The Italian was the quickest to learn the new 
code, having practised a great deal by himself. 

985. Since he was having his axe sharpened, he thought 
he might rest a bit. 

986. Not having taken pains to read the order carefully 
before he threw it away, the lieutenant was now 
in a sorry fix. 

987. This suit that I now wear every day to the office, 
having lasted two seasons, looks as if it could be 
worn another year. 



GERUNDS 

A word ending in ing that comes from a verb and is 
used like a noun is called a ' ' gerund. ' ' 

Hiking 30 miles a day is no cinch. 
I hate having my name read off. 

Hiking is like a noun because it is the subject of is, 
and is like a verb because it is modified by the adverbial 
nouns miles and day. Having is like a noun, the object 
of hate; it is like a verb because it has the object name. 

In each of the following ten sentences there is one 
gerund. Show how each is used like a noun — that is, 
show that it is the subject or object of a verb, is in 
apposition, etc. 

988. Winning the game was not his only purpose. 

989. The usher began bawling out the numbers. 

990. His task — sorting the fish — took longest. 

991. After calling three times he descended. 

992. In adjusting these spark-plugs great care must be 
taken. 

993. I will give his diving a long write-up. 

994. On one important question — arming the fishing- 
boats — there is difference of opinion. 

84 



GERUNDS 85 

995. Whistling when you are alone is one way to keep 
up your spirits. 

996. Didn't he like doing sentry duty ? 

997. In spite of his mistaking the road we arrived in 
good season. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VEKBS 

A verb that has an object is called "transitive 
active. " 

A verb that shows that the subject is acted upon is 
called "transitive passive." 

Men have been shot for less. 

The stars were covered by clouds. 

The book will be read by very few. 

They should have been punished for that. 

A passive verb is always composed of two or three 
or four words. It always contains some form of be — 
such as am, is, were, shall be, could have been, iniglit be, 
must liave been. 

Every verb in the twenty sentences below is either 
transitive active or transitive passive. Explain which 
kind each is. Answer the questions in each case: "Is 
there an object?" "Is the subject acted upon?" 

998. Africa was once called "the dark continent." 

999. After that affair he was known as "the colonial." 

1000. The campers w T ere taken completely by surprise. 

1001. Those men who refused aid were put under ether. 

1002. The extracts that have been quoted prove this 
point. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERBS 87 

1003. Yon should have been conrt-martialed for not 
knowing the pass-word. 

1004. The hospitality with which they have been re- 
ceived pleases them mightily. 

1005. The schooner is approaching completion. 

1006. The embarkation hospitals will be finished about 
the first of December. 

1007. The ward-buildings in which the patients will be 
housed were planned by the Surgeon-General's 
office. 

1008. If you ask me no questions, I '11 tell you no lies. 

1009. Your showing this afternoon will determine your 
chances of making the team. 

1010. Now we are reminded of how a whole year was 
spent by one officer without having any chance 
to learn anything of field work. 

1011. At that time the East River bank was lined with 
handsome houses. 

1012. This has been said often enough, and, if neces- 
sary, could be proved a million more times. 

1013. They were watched and spied upon by their 
Lettish servants. 

1014. No man will be admitted to the basement until 
all the repairs have been made. 

1015. We have been repeating those errors year after 
year. 

1016. These foolish mistakes have been repeated day by 
day. 

1017. Aren't you having a good time? 



INTRANSITIVE VERBS 

If a verb is neither active nor passive, it is called 
' ' intransitive. ' ' 

In the following sentences (1018-1060) explain why 
each verb is either active, passive, or intransitive. Al- 
ways begin by asking, "Is ther'e an object ?" If there 
is not, ask, "Is the subject acted upon?" If you have 
to say "no" to both questions, the verb is intransitive. 

1018. I shall be a happy man when the sale is finally 
arranged. 

1019. The speed gradually increased until it must have 
been as high as 55 miles an hour. 

1020. After he had lingered in vain for an hour, he 
grew restless. 

1021. How long will such a gear last? 

1022. When such queer coincidences happen every day, 
how can you doubt? 

1023. The window at your right, in the fifth story, has 
been standing open for the past week. 

1024. There was so much noise in the "room that I could 
hardly continue my writing. 

1025. Finally we reached the fatal door and knocked 
at it. 

1026. He learned- in infancy the lesson that has been 
so valuable to him. 



INTRANSITIVE VERBS 89 

1027. I stayed silent, but my partner spoke up with a 
fine show of innocence. 

1028. A painful silence ensued. 

1029. Gather around and listen. 

1030. The American has a fondness for gathering in the 
vicinity of a kitchen. 

1031. The button had been sewed on with the flimsiest, 
smallest white thread. 

1032. Indeed it gives one exactly the feeling of doing 
a turn on the stage. 

1033. From Paris we went direct to Lyons. 

1034. They failed markedly in extending the usual 
courtesies. 

1035. It seems impossible now to realize that that was 
the last time. 

1036. The surroundings make the little building im- 
pressive. 

1037. The motors are now being tried on several types 
of planes. 

1038. Don't suggest me for the place. 

1039. The house-party was broken up, and the guests 
melted away. 

1040. He belongs to an old Virginia family. 

1041. The small American flag kept the party from 
being.interfered with. 

1042. How furious they were when any dainty was 
refused ! 

1043. It is easy to imagine his pride at the thought 
of returning to school with that tennis 
medal. 

1044. Why must we wait for him? 



90 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1045. It looked to me like the place where all the spiders 
go in winter. 

1046. The old chromo was wished on me. 

1047. Did he ever take a moving picture in his life? 

1048. This has been extensively advertised as a cure 
for rheumatism. 

1049. He worked until they fired him. 

1050. You will be paid as soon as the last brick is laid. 

1051. Break their legs and throw them in. 

1052. Ground will be broken next month. 

1053. Many are taken with a longing for sleep. 

1054. Do you hear? I refuse. 

1055. As we returned that night, snow was falling on 
our tracks. 

1056. He fell to the floor, for he was suffering terribly 
in every muscle. 

1057. As soon as the whistle had blown, we ran for our 
time-checks. 

1058. She put her hand out to the nearest gate-post and 
leaned against it. 

1059. After his father left, he lay perfectly still. 

1060. The disgruntled salesman turned on his heel and 
walked out. 



PASSIVE PARTICIPLES 

A participle which shows that a noun or pronoun is 
acted upon is a "passive participle." 

Frightened by this, lie paused. 

Arthur, delighted at the prospect, said, " Certainly." 

Fairbanks was limping up the stairs, aided by the nurse. 

Frightened is not a verb, because it does not make a 
statement; it is set down in the sentence as a kind of 
adjective modifying he. So delighted modifies Arthur, 
and aided modifies Fairbanks. 

A passive participle usually ends in d or t or n — 
thus : 

A butterfly, pinned to the wall. 
The lamps, lit at evening. 
Delegates, chosen at the primaries. 
A song sung at twilight. 

Passive participles may be composed of two or three 
words — thus : 

Being distracted, he could not tell. 

Having once been seen, it will be reported everywhere. 

In each of the next ten sentences there is one passive 
participle. Find each one and say what noun or pro- 
noun it modifies, 

91 



92 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1061. Surprised by this sudden entry, I had no time to 
conceal the box. 

1062. The two tramps seen last night were arrested this 
morning. 

1063. Unwarmed by any sunset light, the gray day 
darkened into night. 

1064. He showed us his scarred hands. 

1065. A tree planted in such a shady place will never 
live. 

1066. Hung up by the forelegs was the carcass of a deer. 

1067. The dining-table looked very attractive, deco- 
rated with goldenrod. 

1068. She could imagine Lidie's startled eyes flying 
open and the look of fear that would come into 
them. 

1069. After a twenty-minute nap he would wake up 
very much refreshed. 

1070. Reassured by the judge 's friendly tone, he went 
on with his confession. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE GERUNDS 

A gerund may consist of two or three words and 
may be active or passive. 

Orne is guilty of having betrayed the secret. 

Having betrayed is a gerund because it is used like 
a noun as the object of of. It is active because it names 
an action that Orne did. 

His having been promoted so rapidly is proof of his 
ability. 

Having been- promoted is the subject of ml It is 
passive because it shows how he was acted upon. 

In each of the ten sentences below there is one 
gerund consisting of two or three words. Four of them 
are active and six are passive. Find each one and 
explain it. 

1071. He hated being dropped into the first form. 

1072. Snell is charged with having taken bribes. 

1073. The idea of my having been fooled so easily makes 
me ashamed. 

1074. She was proud of being mistaken for a French- 
woman. 

1075. I am sorry for having given you so much trouble. 

93 



94 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1076. Ted got a scolding for not having counted the 
change. 

1077. She had no idea of being met at the station. 

1078. Millicent's story of having been invited to dine 
with an earl made her friends giggle. 

1079. Being elected to the Oracle board is not a usual 
honor for a Junior. 

1080. Holt was shot for having gone to sleep at his post. 



INFINITIVES 

A verb form with to used as a noun is called an 
' ' infinitive. ' ' 

a. I should like to go. 

b. To remain here is unpleasant. 

c. To quit now is to lose everything. 

d. I have an idea — to sell my stamps. 

e. To get up now! Why, it's only four! 

These infinitives are used just like nouns: in (a) as 
an object, in (b) as a subject, in (c) as subject and 
predicate nominative, in (d) as an appositive with idea, 
in (e) as a nominative of exclamation. 

Explain how each infinitive in the following sen- 
tences (1081-1112) is used as a noun. 

1081. I want to tell the whole truth. 

1082. To read such stories is to waste your time. 

1083. The lawyer decided to confuse the witness. 

1084. He was beginning to like the marquise more than 
ever. 

1085. To give you my reasons would be perfectly use- 
less. 

1086. Trying to find him now would be like trying to 
find a needle in a haystack. 

1087. He is to go in the morning. 

95 



96 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1088. To snitch like that! You're crazy! 

1089. To slip down the back stairs while they are out 
on the balcony will be perfectly easy. 

1090. That's a grand scheme — to sell the side-seats 
cheaper. 

1091. To watch that Jap balancing at the top of a 
thirty-foot pole was to get a real thrill. 

1092. He wanted to make a tour of the slums some 
night. 

1093. We didn't get to bed until two o'clock. 

1094. To my way of thinking, those are mighty queer 
actions. 

1095. To enter college with a crowd that I knew in 
school is my idea. 

1096. We asked to have a look at the relic. 

1097. This is now the duty of every citizen — to learn 
a regular trade and to enroll in it. 

1098. He used to have some trouble with bronchitis. 

1099. She supposed he was going straight to destruc- 
tion. 

1100. You ought not to talk that way. 

1101. To speculate with another man's money is the 
most criminal kind of folly. 

1102. This ugly fact is distasteful to millions of 
Americans. 

1103. He has always been supposed to be an honest 
man. 

1104. Their ambition is limited to holding their jobs. 

1105. All the nations will have to pool their wealth. 

1106. What can you do with a fellow who refuses to 
hand in his work? 



INFINITIVES 97 

1107. The object of this vast organization is to keep the 
losses as small as possible. 

1108. He was very prompt in offering to help me. 

1109. Barr then devoted himself to organizing the 
charities. 

1110. She has only one wish — to remain entirely alone. 

1111. To spread these lies of his is the greatest service 
you can do him. 

1112. We are not expecting to buy new suits this 
winter. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INFINITIVES 

Passive infinitives have forms like to be seen or to 
have been cauglit. In each of the ten sentences below 
there is one passive infinitive. Explain each. 

1113. To be looked at in that way was a new experience. 

1114. I shouldn't have liked to be found in such a place. 

1115. Not to have been invited to the picnic amounted 
to an insult. 

1116. Some answer will have to be sent. 

1117. To be driven along at such terrific speed was not 
at all to her liking. 

1118. Do you expect to be taken with the team? 

1119. Such a splendid idea ought to be spread every- 
where among the people. 

1120. To be compelled to live on milk and eggs is not 
much of a hardship. 

1121. To receive such a compliment is to be made 
ridiculous. 

1122. He hoped to have been stationed at Honolulu. 

Active infinitives may also consist of three or four 
words — thus : 



To be doing his bit. 

To have been wasting that precious time. 
98 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INFINITIVES 99 

Explain why each infinitive in the next ten sentences 
is active or passive. 

1123. Do you want to be excused? 

1124. Always to be teaching the same thing over and 
over got on his nerves. 

1125. I hoped to have caught something before this. 

1126. To have cut the dead branches off would have 
been a better way. 

1127. His speech was to have been given in the town 
hall. 

1128. To have been merely loafing all summer will be 
a disgrace. 

1129. His father will be paying his debts as long as he 
stays in college. 

1130. To have rescued Williams from such a fate was 
a great satisfaction to his friend. 

1131. His plan was to have opened the house by the 
first of June. 

1132. There would have been no trouble about getting 
reservations. 

Infinitives That Are the Object of To * 

The to is often a real preposition which has the rest 
of the infinitive for its object. We may say ''I have 

* Note fob Teachers. This treatment of modifying infini- 
tives is novel to some teachers, but proves the easiest and most 
truthful method in practice. Indeed pupils like it so well that 
they have to be cautioned against overusing it. It is, moreover, 
the way of scholarship. Our dictionaries, for example, speak of 
infinitives only as nouns; and the only way to explain how 
infinitives are always like nouns is to say (as the International 



100 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

no reason for worrying," or we may say "I have no 
reason to worry." Worry is the object of to, and the 
phrase modifies reason. 

too big to tackle = too big for tackling 

easy to do = easy for doing 

came to visit = came for visiting 

was sent to inquire = was sent for inquiring 

a job to be done = a job for being done. 

In each of the next ten sentences there is one infini- 
tive. Seven of these are the object of to, and the phrase 
modifies some word. Find these seven by seeing whether 
the meaning is "for with a gerund." 

1133. This parcel is too heavy to lift. 

1134. I am anxious to go. 

1135. You will never be able to run it. 

1136. He ran errands to earn money. 

1137. Rover wanted to go too. 

1138. I have something to tell you. 

1139. I don't dare to ask him. 

1140. Ollie stamped his feet to get warm. 

1141. I should have liked to see him in a higher office. 

1142. I have some more bundles to deliver. 



does under to) that the modifiers are prepositional phrases. This 
explanation is used by America's greatest philologist, Whitney, 
who says explicitly that infinitive constructions are always those 
of nouns. The other eminent grammarians (Sweet, Matzner, 
Jespersen, Kittredge) give the same explanation. The Report 
of the Com. Gram. Nom., page 4, says that infinitives are sub- 
stantives; the modifying uses listed on page 35 can therefore 
be described only as prepositional phrases. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INFINITIVES 101 

One of the commonest ways of using an infinitive as 
the subject of a verb is to begin the sentence with it and 
put the infinitive after the verb. 

It is hard to learn new things. 

What is hard? To learn is hard. The real subject 
of the verb is to learn. The it is a counterfeit subject — 
a kind of dummy that looks like a subject. 

It was pleasant to lie there. 

It would have been wrong to deceive him. 

It will be easier to travel tomorrow. 

It must be embarrassing to slip as you enter the hall. 

Explain each infinitive in sentences 1143-1215. No- 
tice this warning about " object of to": Never say "ob- 
ject of to" when it is possible to call the whole infinitive 
a participle nominative or an object or an appositive. 
In such a sentence as "He wished to go" you might 
make sense by saying "He wished for going," but you 
can also say that to go is the object of wished. In that 
case you must not use "object of to." Never use "ob- 
ject of to" unless it is the only way to explain the 
infinitive. 

Some infinitives have very queer uses, hard to ex- 
plain. But you can nearly always see how any 
infinitive is like a noun. For example, you might at first 
feel puzzled by "I advise you to sell"; but when you 
ask "Did I advise anything?" you see that I advised 
selling (to sell). The infinitive is the object and you 
is the indirect object. The same is true in "Allow me 



102 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

to pay for you.'' This is like "Allow me the pleasure." 
Always try to see in what way an infinitive is like a 
noun. 

Sometimes an infinitive has no to before it. 

We let him go free. 
We saw him dive. 
This made him stop. 

Dive and stop are a peculiar kind of object that we 
have not yet studied (the "objective predicate." ex- 
plained after sentence 1399). 

1143. Master, it is good for us to be here. 

1144. He is eager to buy the stock, but has decided not 
to take any at a price above 85. 

1145. I want to impress upon you the idea that you 
have in your own hands a weapon to meet him 
with. 

1146. It is certainly an outrage to have had these lies 
spread broadcast. 

1147. He does not plan to use any surplus cloth to make 
things look fancy. 

1148. In such circumstances it is easier to pretend not 
to have seen him. 

1149. I shall probably have to be content with an aver- 
age of 68. 

1150. To understand the working of a magneto you 
must first learn to take it apart. 

1151. His latest device is to have everybody wear a blue 
badge. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INFINITIVES 103 

1152. This made him think that it would have been nice 
to be at home. 

1153. A committee was appointed to report on ways to 
raise money. 

1154. Never did it become necessary to commandeer. 

1155. Such a design had to be carried out with great 
secrecy. 

1156. A better plan would have been to mark them to 
be sold at half price. 

1157. It may shortly be impossible to get a good new 
car. 

1158. I expect to ask him to go with us. 

1159. Just to be on the safe side, I told him to buy a 
cover to put on the stovepipe. 

1160. I was impressed with the police regulations when 
I went to register the child. 

1161. To realize suddenly that no plan was to be made 
for his comfort was a sad blow to this spoiled 
darling. 

1162. What the colonists achieved without a police- 
man's stick to back them ought to be inspiring 
now. 

1163. A good way to accomplish this is to convert all 
the candy-money into thrift stamps. 

1164. There is no time to ask people to rush across to 
help them now. 

1165. I send this card to show that we have been to 
see the place you told us about. 

1166. It is interesting to look through all these adver- 
tisements of schools and try to choose the one 
that I should prefer to go to. 



104 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1167. Don't wait to see how the new year starts; it is 
better to start something yourself. 

1168. If my wages are to be only $12 a week, I shan't 
be able to buy my own clothes. 

1169. Try to get a key to unlock this drawer. 

1170. To keep cheerful in spite of all the bad news that 
came last week shows a character to be admired. 

1171. He had a pleasant duty to perform — to tell every- 
body who came along about the holiday. 

1172. We shall have to telegraph him to come at once. 

1173. Amos tried to help the little fellow to explain to 
us why his father had sent him out to beg 
food. 

1174. Help me get these boxes ready to put on the 
counter. 

1175. To see those perfectly good clothes thrown away 
was hard for a chap like me, who had only one 
patched coat to wear. 

1176. It was hard (for a fellow like me) to see all that 
good food going to destruction. 

1177. It is very easy for me to look through these books 
in half an hour. 

1178. This is an easy way to get in, but it may be hard 
to get out again. 

1179. If O'Brien comes to meet his partner here, he 
won't have a chance in the world to get away. 

1180. I want to ask you frankly why you had to invite 
such a person to take dinner with me. 

1181. Soon a few little white clouds were to be seen 
on the horizon, and Joel said we must prepare to 
meet a squall. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INFINITIVES 105 

1182. To tell us that we weren't fit to be seen struck me 
as a harsh thing to say. 

1183. Here's an idea for you — to look through all the 
want ads and see if anybody is eager to get that 
kind of position. 

1184. The officer tried hard to get a regular clergyman 
to perform the service. 

1185. You will find that it is not easy to persuade these 
fellows to start the job on Friday. 

1186. To work this problem in three minutes was too 
much for me. 

1187. A person must have training to work that fast. 

1188. To work as fast as that a person must have a lot 
of training. 

1189. How foolish it is to be satisfied with a book like 
that. 

1190. Take time to look all through the sentence before 
you begin to tell about the infinitives in it. 

1191. His car may be pretty to look at, but he doesn't 
dare to run it on a sandy road. 

1192. How do you dare run away from the place if it 
is your duty to stay there? 

1193. The Captain thought that was an impudent an- 
swer — to say, ''I'm too sleepy to stand guard." 

1194. Send some message to the boys to cheer them up. 

1195. That story of how he intended to rob his own 
father is enough to make your hair stand on 
end. 

1196. His story is to be printed in tomorrow morning's 
paper, so that the whole world may have an 
opportunity to know it. 



106 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1197. We are inclined to think that the best way for 
us to sell the goods is to advertise a "fire sale." 

1198. It isn't very easy to find a story to interest such 
a restless crowd. 

1199. Of course the rascal deserved to die, but it was 
no pleasure to execute him. 

1200. We shall be glad to help you if you care to fill 
out the enclosed blank. 

1201. It seems a sin to burn up all these old magazines 
that the patients in the hospital would like to 
read. 

1202. Our whole aim is to please you; we are here to 
serve you. 

1203. I have sent a five-dollar bill to pay the janitor 
to bring up our milk every morning. 

1204. It was queer to get profits out of an expensive 
device to prevent unpleasant fumes. 

1205. Finally we decided to try this plan : to let Finch 
stay at third and try Hoyt on first. 

1206. The next cargo is to be sent by way of Panama. 

1207. The real question to be answered is this : "Did we 
come here to talk about a game of golf? " 

1208. A committee was appointed to find out about 
prices. 

1209. It is pleasant to read that the last food ship is to 
leave Norfolk before August. 

1210. To say that you are too poor is really to tell a lie. 

1211. In spite of every precaution to prevent waste of 
money, our society seems to be badly in debt. 

1212. We hated, of course, to admit that the money to 
pay for our meal was all gone. 



ACTIVE AND PASSIVE INFINITIVES 107 

1213. A nickel may be too small to count much, but it 
would be wrong to refuse his little gift. 

1214. I am going to see whether something can't be 
done to rouse a little enthusiasm. 

1215. It's all very well to say that we know how to 
explain infinitives. To be sure, we know about 
the common ones, but it takes a wise man to tell 
about them all. 



NOUN CLAUSES 

A "subordinate clause" is a group of words, con- 
taining a subject and verb, used like a single word in 
a sentence. 

He told us a story. 

He told us that he would go. 

The whole group that lie would go is used like a 
single noun as the object of told. It is therefore a noun 
clause. 

That he will recover is now certain. 

The clause is the subject of is, and is therefore a 
noun clause. 

He said he would. 

The clause lie would is the object of said. 

I am worried about what may happen. 

What is a subject, and may liappen is a verb; the 
clause is used like a noun, the object of the preposition 
about. 

Questions like "What may happen?" are frequently- 
changed to noun clauses. 

108 



NOUN CLAUSES 109 

Who will go? 

He asked who would go. 

Where can we find it? 

Where we can find it is the puzzle. 

Which is the right road? 

He inquired which was the right road. 

In each of the next twenty sentences there is one 
noun clause. Explain the construction of each. 

1216. He said that there was nothing left. 

1217. That he should have missed the road is incredible. 

1218. I think he will. 

1219. In his last conversation with me he declared that 
he would never give a penny of his savings to 
help such a foolish cause. 

1220. O'Neill couldn't see how a man with only one 
arm could possibly play a good game of tennis. 

1221. I often think of what he said to me that morning. 

1222. Whether alcohol is pleasant has nothing to do 
with the case. 

1223. He wanted to find out whether we had overheard 
his remark. 

1224. Nancy expected her mother would be delighted. 

1225. From what the engineer said we judged it safer 
to stay on deck. 

1226. He jots down whatever comes into his head. 

Subject clauses are often pushed beyond the verb by 
it, just as subject infinitives are. 



110 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

It is well to be careful. 

It is known that he forged a check. 

1227. It is often said that no man is a hero to his valet. 

1228. He demanded in a very ugly manner why we 
had turned to the left. 

1229. Saxe felt something was wrong. 

1230. I thought you would never come. 

1231. It was soon known everywhere that Kitchener's 
vessel had been sunk off the north coast of Scot- 
land. 

1232. By what he said after the operation we learned 
to respect his nerve. 

1233. I want to know if it is safe to land here. 

1234. It is not till after a good hard rub-down that you 
feel the full benefit of a strenuous hour's work in 
the gymnasium. 

1235. Pointing to the distant little flickering light, and 
raising a warning finger to impress on us what 
he was about to say, he made our blood run cold 
by describing the mysterious doings in "The 
Lantern. ' ' 



ADJECTIVE CLAUSES— RELATIVE 

A clause that modifies a noun or pronoun is an 
adjective clause. The most common kind of adjective 
clause is that made with the "relative" pronouns who, 
which, and that. 

The man ivlw has just turned his back to us is Sartelle. 
The ten-dollar bill, which meant so little to Harvey, was 

a godsend to the fisherman. 
The thing that I hate is going to bed at 9 :30. 
I that speak unto thee am he. 

In each of these clauses there is a pronoun that ' l re- 
lates" to a noun or pronoun standing before it: who 
relates to man, which to bill, that to thing, that to I. 
The noun or pronoun to which a relative refers is called 
its "antecedent." The whole relative clause modifies 
this antecedent like a single adjective. It is an adjective 
clause. 

In each of the following twenty sentences there is 
one relative clause. Find each one and explain how it 
is used like an adjective. 

1236. This watch that he had carried for thirty-five 
years was still keeping accurate time. 

1237. Those who distrust themselves are not trusted by 
others. 

Ill 



112 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1238. A suit which doesn't fit at ttie first try-on is never 
likely to fit. 

1239. One of the most interesting sporting events for 
which Davis was responsible was the sending of 
a messenger boy from London to Chicago. 

1240. I counted thirty-one crows in the flock that were 
not making a sound. 

1241. There was one whistler in the gallery whom the 
policeman could not locate. 

Sometimes no pronoun is used in a relative clause. 

The dish you are looking for is not here. 
The animal I admire most is the wasp. 

The clauses are shortened from that you are looking 
for, that I admire most. 

1242. We were seated in the library he took so much 
pride in. 

1243. The one I rode was gentle. 

1244. Be won every match he entered. 

1245. Norman was looking forward to a struggle be- 
tween these two presidents in which he could 
advance himself. 

1246. All who can walk go on foot. 

1247. It is the only company in America that can really 
make chronometers. 

1248. This precious liquid, cool as the eternal snows 
from which it had been melted in the mountains, 
was almost worth its weight in gold. 



ADJECTIVE CLAUSES—RELATIVE 113 

1249. Kineaid could now see the rent in the back of his 
coat that had been made by the barbed wire. 

1250. In spite of all the temptations to make shoddy 
goods we have scrupulously followed the demands 
you made in placing your order. 

1251. Everything we owned would have been com- 
mandeered within a month to satisfy their greedy 
demands. 

1252. Drafted husbands pretended to feel that gayety 
behind which a good American hides his feelings. 

1253. The patient secretary in the Y. M. C. A. hut, who 
fairly lives at the telephone, answered my mid- 
night call. 

1254. The doughnut at the top of the lunch-basket was 
one his little sister had slipped in at the last 
moment. 

1255. In such an emergency we ought to do the thing 
the Captain considers wisest. 



CONSTRUCTIONS OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS 

There are four relative pronouns : Who, which, that, 
and what. The first three always form adjective clauses ; 
what always forms a noun clause. 

Every relative has a construction in its clause — as 
(a) subject or (b) objeet of a verb, as (c) predicate 
nominative, or as (d) object of a preposition. 

a. who became senator 

b. whom he loved 

b. what we wanted 

c. which he soon would have been 

d. from which we drank 
d. that it was tied to 

Who is the subject of became; whom is the object of 
loved; what is the object of wanted; which is predicate 
nominative with would have been; ivhich is the object 
of from; that is the object of to. 

You can never feel sure about the construction of a 
relative pronoun until you have separated the clause 
from the rest of the sentence. "Lift the clause out 
first' ' is the only way. Never try to tell about a rela- 

114 



RELATIVE PRONOUN CONSTRUCTIONS 115 

tive until you have "lifted out the clause." Then find 
the verb in the clause. Then ask "Who or what?" 
When you have thus found the verb and its subject, you 
can recite sensibly. 

The construction is always inside the clause; it al- 
ways depends on some verb or preposition inside the 
clause. "Lift the clause out first." Then look inside 
of it. 

A relative pronoun is never in apposition. It always 
has a construction of its own within its own clause. 

Give the construction of each relative pronoun in 
sentences 1236-1255. Supply the understood relatives 
and give their constructions. 



• OTHER ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 

Any clause that describes a noun is an adjective 
clause. 

The place whither we sent him. 
The year before he died. 

Find and explain ten adjective clauses in the next 
ten sentences. 

1256. The chest where he kept his hoard was concealed 
in the thick wall. 

1257. At the very time when he was making these 
smooth promises he planned our destruction. 

1258. He was wondering, during that sleepless night 
while he tossed from side to side, whether self- 
sacrifice did pay after all. 

1259. On the morning that the news came we were 
laughing at his wild prophecy. 

1260. The place whence our future supply of petroleum 
must come is the shale rock of Colorado. 

1261. The moment he had spoken he was sorry. 

1262. The day thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely 
die. 

1263. It was an ordinary cross-roads store, where the 
butter hobnobbed with the kerosene. 

116 



OTHER ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 117 

1264. The time since he arrived has seemed to pass 
more quickly. 

1265. Everything was in readiness for the day when 
they were to be made man and wife. 



CONJUNCTIONS 

The word that joins a clause to the word it modifies 
is called a ''conjunction" — meaning "a conjoining 
word." (Relatives are not conjunctions.) 

The day when lie came was rainy. 
I wonder whether it is wise to go. 

When joins the clause he came to day. Whether 
joins the clause it is wise to go to wonder. 

Name and explain the work of each conjunction in 
sentences 1216-1235, and in sentences 1256-1265. Do not 
supply any conjunctions; tell only about the ones that 
are used. 

In each of the next twenty sentences there is one 
clause. Explain the use of each. Give the construction 
of every relative pronoun in its clause. 

There are three noun clauses used in apposition with 
nouns, like this : 

The idea that he could compete was new. 

He believed the story that St. Patrick killed all the snakes 

in Ireland. 
The fact that he lied proves this. 

These clauses are in apposition with idea, story, and 
fact, 

118 



CONJUNCTIONS 119 

1266. That he was mistaken is now clearly evident. 

1267. She had never been reconciled to the hat he 
bought in Paris. 

1268. By the nervous drumming of his fingers we knew 
that his thoughts were elsewhere. 

1269. Any date you name will be convenient for 
me. 

1270. The fear that he might be late was too much for 
the little fellow. 

1271. We couldn't learn anything by listening to what 
he said. 

1272. The bag from which he extracted the two rabbits 
had just been turned inside out. 

1273. It has lately been discovered that castor-beans 
are not necessary for the Liberty Motor lubricant. 

1274. The principal reason for declining was that we all 
felt so sleepy. 

1275. The chauffeur of the next limousine, who is 
sounding his horn, looks nervous. 

1276. Somehow I felt in my bones that we were going 
to be unlucky. 

1277. It was never perfectly clear what good he thought 
he could do. 

1278. The point where I always fall down is on those 
" expletive'' its. 

1279. The truth of the matter was that I was as nervous 
as a cat. 

1280. Don't fail to warn me the moment you see him 
rounding the corner. 

1281. Ether gives you the feeling that you are being 
swung off into space. 



120 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1282. My belief is that he is making a very exorbitant 
profit. 

1283. Algernon could just reach to where the preserves 
stood. 

1284. This is a belief that I have held for a long while. 

1285. The belief that spirits can return to earth is held 
by A. Conan Doyle. 



ADVERB CLAUSES 
A clause that modifies a verb is an adverb clause. 

I can go wherever I want to. 
When you come, things change. 
Since he ivas frank, he was believed. 
If you like, I will escort you. 

These clauses modify the verbs can go, change, was 
believed, will escort. An adverb clause always begins 
with some conjunction like if, as, because, while, before, 
etc. Some conjunctions are composed of two words — 
like as if, as though, so that. 

He yelled as if it hurt. 

Fox was ill, so that we had to keep quiet. 

In each of the next thirty sentences there is one 
adverb clause modifying a verb. Find and explain each 
clause. 

1286. He was happy because he had done useful work 
all summer. 

1287. Because he had kept straight for a whole year, 
he thought the evil habit had changed. 

1288. As matters now stand, it would ruin me to make 
such a purchase. 

121 



122 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1289. The dog acted as if it hurt him. 

1290. He had once tried that trick when a score was 
badly needed. 

1291. I will stop if you insist. 

1292. When he is badly in need of cash, he tries that 
dodge. 

1293. If you insist, I will walk all the way to San 
Francisco. 

1294. I will close the door, so that the wind won't 
blow in. 

1295. Till she read the list in the paper, she had no 
information about her nephew. 

1296. He hung the receiver up in a rage, for he hated 
reporters. 

1297. Since he had studied faithfully, he could make a 
passable recitation. 

1298. Unless you agree, there is going to be trouble. 

1299. Before he strolled into the lobby, he carefully 
adjusted his tie. 

1300. As if she actually saw her mother before her, she 
stared wild-eyed into space. 

1301. Because he knew the old codger so well, he ven- 
tured to be inquisitive. 

1302. You will feel very much more like yourself after 
you have had a cold dip. 

1303. Though we never suspected it, Clifford was taking 
in every word we said. 

1304. While you are on the subject, suppose you tell 
us about this "rolling." 

1305. Wherever McNamara appeared, there was sure to 
be a delighted scream from the children. 



ADVERB CLAUSES 123 

1306. Because he smiled when you spoke is no reason 
for being dismayed. 

1307. If you think he is a real journalist, you ought to 
see Houghton work. 

1308. He asked us if we had listened after he sent us 
away. 

1309. I noted him with care, so that I could identify 
him at the trial. 

1310. As this squabble was none of our business, we 
slipped out. 

1311. Although it is after two o'clock, I — for some un- 
known reason — don 't feel the least bit hungry. 

1312. Why he could never be on time was easily under- 
stood when you knew his family. 

1313. What we ought to do with the trees when they 
came was a considerable puzzle. 

1314. Where she had concealed those pies was a mystery 
that grew while we searched. 

1315. Ever since he won the prize that was offered for 
the best all-round usefulness in camp, he has been 
like a spoiled child. 

There is one common kind of adverb clause that 
modifies adverbs and adjectives. Notice the three little 
adverbs in the following sentences: 

He was more tired. 
He was so tired. 
He was as tired. 

These sentences sound incomplete. We want to know 



124 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

tired as what?" So we add clauses that explain more 
and so and as : 

He was more tired than he would admit. 

He was so tired that he fell asleep. 

He was as tired as if he had worked all night. 

Here is an example of a clause modifying the adjec- 
tive happier: 

He was happier than he had been before. 

In each of the next eight sentences there is one clause 
that modifies an adverb or an adjective. 

1316. The cereal had more sugar than he liked. 

1317. The print was so fine that it was hard to read. 

1318. A hippopotamus is as strong as he is clumsy. 

1319. The boat was carrying a bigger load on that trip 
than she was licensed to carry. 

1320. He gazed so long at the picture that she had to 
jog his elbow. 

1321. Selling his potatoes was a bigger task for such a 
bashful fellow than any of us realized. 

1322. We lost so much time in getting by the big traffic 
blockade that we barely caught the train. 

1323. He was as proud of that bit of ribbon the old 
woman pinned on his coat as if it had been a 
Croix de Guerre. 

In each of the next fifteen sentences (1324-1338) 
there is one subordinate clause — noun or adverb or 
adjective. Explain each. 



ADVERB CLAUSES 125 

1324. As I walked along the S. 0. S., it seemed to loom 
bigger and bigger. 

1325. It is not so easy that a man can succeed by 
tackling it as a forenoon's job. 

1326. It now seemed likely that the fog would hold us 
there all night. 

1327. Do you think I want to be taken into that rotten 
hole of a Port Said? 

1328. The Lord help all those people in the cities that 
have had to work in offices this summer. 

1329. It might have been two o'clock in the morning 
when we saw the sidelights of a ship. 

1330. He had made a considerable deposit in Alan's 
name in the bank where he carried his own 
account. 

1331. If the conductor had not caught him, he would 
have fallen between the trains. 

1332. The real fact of the matter is that I have a vio- 
lent prejudice against the chewing of gum. 

1333. The druggist promised that some physician 
would be there within a quarter of an hour. 

1334. As the car drew near to the curb, the people on 
the other side of the street began to take 
notice. 

1335. Then suddenly, as he lifted himself on his un- 
wounded arm, I saw the chain hanging from his 
pocket. 

1336. The instant the music stopped, she touched his 
arm. 

1337. What he couldn't understand was the absolute 
refusal of the lizard to eat anything. 



126 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1338. As soon as I could collect my senses, I asked him 
to come inside. 

Each of the following sentences (1339-1354) con- 
tains two subordinate clauses. In some cases one clause 
is "inside of" another clause like this: 

HE SAID that if I wished, he would come. 

Explain each clause separately: that he would come 
is a noun clause, the object of said; if I wished is an 
adverb clause modifying would come. 

DUNHAM, when he had eaten what he needed, WALKED 
OUT. 

When he had eaten modifies walked; what he needed 
is the object of had eaten. 

1339. Rankin was the only one who knew what he was 
about. 

1340. Because he had wondered a good deal about what 
they would be like, he stared long and earnestly. 

1341. It was a shock to him when he realized that they 
had already passed Anacapa. 

1342. The pain he now felt was sharper than it had 
been previously. 

1343. After he had thought it over, he admitted that 
the cases were different. 

1344. Baker replied that no action could be taken unless 
Congress authorized it. 



ADVERB CLAUSES 127 

1345. No situation has arisen that would justify the 
trip you propose. 

1346. Let me say how much I enjoyed the conversation 
and how much I appreciate your courtesy. 

1347. I made a bet that he would strike out the next 
time up if there was anybody on the bases. 

1348. The permission we received allowed us to do 
almost what we pleased with the supplies. 

1349. Today I got the first letter I have had from you 
since we left home. 

1350. Just as we found the pile of stones they had 
placed for a marker, we heard the tally-ho coming. 

1351. It was taken for granted that a man who wore 
a. silk hat had a right to enter. 

1352. I did not wish that she should spoil what I had 
so painfully arranged. 

1353. England solemnly assured us that the conditions 
of modern warfare were such that our soldiers 
could not get along without a "tot" of rum each 
morning. 

1354. Yet the American troops, some of whom have 
passed a winter in the trenches, have managed 
to get along very well without a jot of the 
stimulant that was recommended. 

Very long sentences may not contain any subordinate 
clause — for example: "This photograph, taken shortly 
before the German offensive of the end of May, shows 
an American battalion swinging down a road in the 
Marne district — the scene of the present fighting. ' ' By 
using participles and infinitives and gerunds and 



128 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

phrases and appositives a sentence may be strung out 
indefinitely. 

On the other hand some rather short and innocent- 
looking sentences may contain four or five subordinate 
clauses — for example: "The idea (1) that you get (2) 
what you like (3) when you're sick is one (4) I had 
(5) before I went to the hospital." 

Some of the following sentences contain no subordi- 
nate clauses; some have one or two or three. Explain 
every clause. 

1355. When I returned to New York, the first question 
that was asked was what my biggest thrill had 
been. 

1356. I have seen braver men than I can hope to be 
shot down the first time they mounted. 

1357. One woman wanted to know what "spads" were; 
and before I could reply, her chum said very 
promptly that they were the latest kind of gas- 
mask. 

1358. Elsie Ferguson came over to give the boys a 
treat, and for some reason most of the boys fell 
over themselves trying to get her to smile at 
them. 

1359. I told my mother they were a perfect fit and 
asked her how she happened to know that they 
were the right size. 

1360. She thinks all the other mothers are jealous of 
her because her boy is a six-footer. 

1361. Though the white mice we used for this experi- 



ADVERB CLAUSES 129 

ment had been badly gassed, they were almost 
themselves again after five hours. 

1362. The coffee was very thick and had been arti- 
ficially colored in the hope of leading us fellows 
to think it was terribly strong. 

1363. But this trick did not remove the can, and for 
a minute the cunning animal stood still with his 
ears cocked at different angles. 

1364. Nowadays it is so easy to write letters of intro- 
duction that everybody does it without a second 
thought, with the result that some perfectly 
harmless chap like myself is deceived. 

1365. The only thing that remains to be discovered is 
what kind of pitcher he will make. 

1366. He claimed he had been kept at the rehearsal 
until the lights were turned off. 

1367. As long as I was with him, I felt that he was 
not the kind that I wanted to make a chum of. 

1368. I suppose that if a man said we were dead, you 
would believe him. 

1369. It is often supposed that a child's instinct will 
tell him how much sugar he ought to eat. 

1370. Having allowed our merchant marine to dwindle 
almost to a song, we have lately tried to revive 
it with singing. 

1371. He looked at me as if I were some sort of un- 
necessary thing that the cat had brought in after 
a ramble among the local ash-cans. 

1372. It seemed to me that now was the time when all 
men who can take vacations ought not to take 
them. 



130 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1373. I took a seat in the back of the house, so that I 
might be close to the door if anyone called for me. 

1374. Perhaps the Tigris zone deserves the reputation 
it enjoys for being the most unpleasant region 
this side of Hades. 

1375. Though the girl did not turn her head, he saw 
that she was listening. 

1376. Since he had once had to go without his dinner, 
he told her when she repeated the question that 
he had "known moments of despair." 

1377. After a furious battle between a French air- 
scout and a German two-seater well back of the 
German line in the Vosges both planes were dis- 
abled and had to descend in a wooded spot on 
the side of a steep mountain. 

1378. While I was staggering for a foothold, I received 
a wallop in the mouth that made me think my 
head had come off. 

1379. After what seemed to me hours of waiting I was 
told to keep patient until the next bulletin was 
posted. 

1380. Even if I had recognized him at that distance, I 
should have made no sign that I knew him from 
Adam. 

1381. He knew the thing that they worshiped, and he 
longed to say something that would show that he 
was their kind of man. 

1382. Simply because we had discovered that shells 
could traverse the air for 75 miles, we didn't sup- 
pose Paris was going to be taken next week. 

1383. Through the intelligence systems of other coun- 



ADVERB CLAUSES 131 

tries and through our own agents there we have 
been aware of the approach of some enemy spies 
even before their landing. 

1384. It provides the very food that is most lacking in 
the average diet — elements which regulate the 
digestion. 

1385. It was believed by many men long before Co- 
lumbus set sail that the earth was round. 

1386. Our fear that he would forget us disappeared 
when w T e saw the way he was putting down dates 
in his book. 

1387. I knew when I looked that it was useless to ask 
him how she was. 

1388. Before I could make out where we were, he 
detected the ripple that the guide had told us 
about. 

1389. I was not more than 200 feet from the ground 
when I manipulated the stick — oh, so gently — 
taking the last desperate whack at the Grim 
Reaper, even though I knew I was headed for 
eternity. 

1390. It seems that what I said meant in French that 
"I feared the boches." 

1391. I pictured an angry, excited hotel proprietor 
about to rage at me for my intrusion at that late 
hour, and I was preparing an explanation of 
what my business was. 

1392. The exploit of the U-boat in holding up a ship 
from Rio and extracting therefrom a goodly load 
of copper is worth noting because of the value of 
the copper — really more than gold to Germany. 



132 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1393. When a lot of visitors smelled the disinfectant, 
they asked me what the matter was, and I told 
them that Adams had been taken down with 
smallpox and diphtheria. 

1394. Tripp w^as another boy whom everybody liked 
because he knew when it was time to keep still. 

1395. When he mounted the burro that had been sad- 
dled for him, his feet were almost touching the 
ground. 

1396. It is when one becomes a " pilot aviator" that he 
thinks he really knows how to fly. 

1397. The section-hands often used to be arrested for 
some sort of devilment or other, but instead of 
being put in the calaboose they were simply told 
to report to the constable that night. 

1398. When you hear him bragging, just remember that 
every fellow who was with him was exactly as 
brave as he. 

1399. If he is worried, tell him I will find out where 
his suitcase is. 



OBJECTIVE PREDICATE 

Sometimes a second object is used to describe or 
explain the direct object. 

They made David king. 

The word king shows what David was made to be ; it 
is a kind of "predicate to the object,' ' and is called the 
1 ' objective predicate. ' ' 

Adjectives and participles are often used as objec- 
tive predicates. 

That made me mad. 

We considered him rich. 

We saw the syrup oozing out. 

Sometimes an infinitive is a kind of objective predi- 
cate, showing what the object "was a doer of." 

We saw him dive in. 
They made me go along. 

In the next thirty sentences there are twenty-four 
objective predicates. 

1400. Harris felt the floor shake. 

1401. We elected Harry captain. 

133 



134 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1402. Such pleasant news made us very happy. 

1403. For the next meal they appointed me cook. 

1404. I saw the fellow sneak in through the cellar 
window. 

1405. Mr. Calvert considered his partner foolish for 
making such an investment. 

1406. Only a few days before a boy had been caught 
coming down the back stairs. 

1407. Why, only last night you kept me waiting nearly 
an hour. 

1408. Do you think you can make this crumpled paper 
smooth again? 

1409. In the dim light we could see him approach the 
skiff. 

1410. The pitcher caught him napping off first base. 

1411. We have always thought that fellow absolutely 
honest. 

1412. The excited sentinel thought something was mov- 
ing just outside the gate. 

1413. Since he was so uneasy about my efforts to show 
him a little attention, I left him standing alone 
in the great crowd. 

1414. He finally made himself ill by overwork. 

1415. Of course there may have been some good reason, 
but we called the new rule very unfair. 

1416. Now that you understand just what I mean, I 
will give you a little time to think it over. 

1417. I could feel the sharp point going through my 
skin. 

1418. Don't you consider us good sports to come to see 
you in such a storm? 



OBJECTIVE PREDICATE 135 

1419. That will make him sorry for all the time he has 
wasted. 

1420. Miss Holcomb finally adopted the little waif and 
named him ''Buster." 

1421. Oh, yes, I could hear you talking to him. 

1422. We were so eager to get home that we thought 
the end of the term would never come. 

1423. Finally the prisoner broke down and confessed 
himself a spy. 

1424. Let me call a cab to take you home. 

1425. If he had not fooled me completely, I never 
should have considered you dishonest. 

1426. Because he dressed so differently from the rest 
of us, we thought him a very odd piece of hu- 
manity. 

1427. After much coaxing I finally persuaded him into 
making me a little sailboat. 

1428. Such an unexpected noise made me turn around 
suddenly. 

1429. I am not talking about what Shipley said, for I 
saw you do it myself. 



KETAINED OBJECT 

Sometimes a very queer thing is done with a sen- 
tence that contains a direct and an indirect object, like 
"He gave me a dime/' If we begin with "I," we have 

I was given a dime by him. 

You know that a passive verb can never have an object; 
therefore dime is not the object of was given. After the 
active verb gave it was an object, and it has been kept 
or " retained " in this peculiar way after a passive. 
The poor thing has no construction. So for want of a 
better name we call it a "retained object." 
Infinitives are used as retained objects. 

We were told to go. 

Noun clauses may be retained objects. 

I am told that he is here. 

We were informed that you would not go. 

In the next twenty sentences there are fourteen re- 
tained objects. Be cautious in judging about what fol- 
lows a passive verb. More likely you will find a 
predicate nominative, like this : 

136 



RETAINED OBJECT 137 

He was considered a rich man. 
He was heard to shout. 

1430. It was reported that during the night an ava- 
lanche had buried the cabin. 

1431. In his younger days he had been called quite an 
athlete. 

1432. After I had made a third frantic appeal to the 
clerk, I was given a better room. 

1433. In this next parable we are shown that the 
Church is like a grape-vine. 

1434. From that time on the old house was always 
thought to be haunted. 

1435. At this lonesome little station we were detained 
a whole hour. 

1436. Although we could live in the house no longer 
and were paid a handsome sum for it, still we 
were sorrj^ to sell it. 

1437. The Moslems were taught to be happy at the 
thought of death. 

1438. For all these heavy expenses during his travels 
Morrison was allowed $160 a month. 

1439. We w r ere earnestly warned that the next time the 
crowd was disorderly every fellow would receive 
demerits. 

1440. As a result of these appeals by his congressman 
he was granted a five-minute interview by the 
President. 

1441. All the people in the car were asked whether 
they knew what kind of necktie the conductor 
wore. 



138 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

1442. It is not yet positively known what kind of fer- 
tilizer is best for oats. 

1443. Even when we had caught them red-handed, we 
were told a plausible story about how they 
"never meant anything wrong." 

1444. The little girl looked at us so appealingly that 
she was forgiven all the trouble she had caused. 

1445. The Mexicans have now been shown that it will 
pay them to keep on the good side of the United 
States. 

1446. "When we had become thoroughly mixed up, we 
were asked what the difference was between a 
retained object and a predicate nominative. 

1447. Then we were reminded once more that a predi- 
cate nominative always describes the subject in 
some way. 

1448. The reason given for not serving better food was 
considered a very flimsy excuse indeed. 

1449. Jerome had been cautioned that a heavy storm 
was likely to come up within three hours. 



NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE 

A noun and a participle may be used to show some 
kind of reason or condition. 

The night being dark, we carried a lantern. 

The word night has no construction in the sentence. 
It is simply set down in a very loose way, free from all 
restraint. Such a noun is called a "nominative abso- 
lute." 

Sometimes the participle is understood. 

Hazen sat brooding, his face [being] in his hands. 

Sometimes the group of words with a nominative 
absolute is long and complicated, telling us so much 
that untrained students take the group for a sen- 
tence. 

My grandfather having died without leaving me a solitary 
cent, I had to go to work. 

In the next fifteen sentences there are eleven nomi- 
native absolutes. Remember that a participle may be 
far away from the word it modifies: "Having lived 

139 



140 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

without ever doing a stroke of work to support himself, 
Tie was as helpless as a child.' ' The participle is not 
" absolute " at all; it is firmly tied to he, the subject of 
was. 

1450. The clock having already struck eleven, we could 
wait no longer. 

1451. Having seen all the older members of the party 
safely stowed below in the cabin, she came on 
deck to enjoy the fresh air. 

1452. All his work being done, he concluded that he 
had earned a night's rest. 

1453. Doing your work calmly in such a deafening din 
is next to impossible. 

1454. There stood the moose, his ears cocked forward 
and his stump of a tail jerking back and forth. 

1455. So Kern, his last cartridge gone, drew out his 
knife for the encounter. 

1456. His widow is left absolutely penniless, the se- 
curities not being worth the paper they are 
printed on. 

1457. Not wishing to embarrass the old man, I said 
nothing further about his son. 

1458. Not caring to walk any longer through the gal- 
lery, we paid our guide and departed, the heavy 
doors clanging behind us. 

1459. I helped myself very sparingly, the dish being 
almost empty. 

1460. My mind being a good deal confused by this 
time, I gave a ridiculous answer. 



NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE 141 

1461. There stood the man who had agreed to ferry 
us over, his eyes twinkling as he saw our muddy 
clothes. 

1462. The moon being very bright that evening, we 
supposed there was no chance of getting any fish. 

1463. If the truth were known, the boy had not the 
least desire to smoke ; his pipe and matches were 
pure make-believe. 

1464. Supposing that all the boys had left, the room 
being perfectly quiet, I put out the lights. 



SUPPLEMENT OF FORMS AND 
CLASSIFICATIONS 

Nouns 

1. There are four classes of nouns. 

a. A common noun is a name common to a number 
of objects: desk, mountain, microbe, rifle. 

b. A proper noun is a name of some person, or 
place, or animal, or ship, or institution; it is written 
with a capital letter : Lincoln, Madrid, Bess, Mauretania, 
Harvard University. 

c. An abstract noun is a name of a quality or con- 
dition; it is the kind of noun that can usually be re- 
placed by a noun in ness: beauty (= beaut if ulness), 
sickness, weight (^heaviness), depth (^deepness). 

d. A collective noun is a name of a whole group of 
individuals: crowd, team, swarm, flock, audience. 

2. Number. A noun whose form refers to one ob- 
ject is in the singular number: pen, lady, echo, wife, 
woman. A noun whose form refers to more than one 
object is in the plural number: pens, ladies, echoes, 
wives, women. 

3. Possessive form (or genitive). The possessive of 
a singular noun is formed by adding 's: lady's, thrush's, 
Burns' s, witch's. The possessive of a plural ending in 

143 



SUPPLEMENT 143 

s is formed by adding an apostrophe: ladies', thrushes', 
witches'. The possessive of a plural not ending in s is 
formed like a singular: men's, children's, women's. 

4. Gender. English nouns have no real gram- 
matical gender ; but a noun may be called masculine if 
it means a male being, feminine if it means a female, 
and neuter if it means neither. 



Pronouns 

1. Pronouns are divided into five classes. 

a. Personal. See page 56. Compound personals 
are made by adding self or selves: myself, yourself, him- 
self, itself, ourselves, themselves. These are used in two 
ways: (1) as reflexives, to "bend the action back to the 
subject" — I helped myself, they prided themselves; (2) 
as intensives — we ourselves know better, you can do that 
yourself. 

b. Demonstratives. See page 56. 

c. Indefinites. See page 56. 

d. The Interrogatives are who, which, and what 
when used in asking questions: what is thatf whom do 
you mean? Such questions are often "indirect" — for 
example, "He asked who that was." These indirect 
questions are noun clauses: "They wanted to know what 
we were looking for." "Hawkins inquired which he 
had better take." "The question was whose story was 
true." 

e. For relatives, see pages 111-115, Here is a table 
of forms: 



144 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



Nom. 


Poss. 


Obj. 


who 


whose 


whom 


which 


whose 


which 


that 


whose 


that 


what 




what 



Relatives compounded with ever are called indefinite 
relatives: whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever. 

2. Gender. A pronoun that refers to males is said 
to be of the masculine gender; one that refers to fe- 
males is of the feminine gender; otherwise a pronoun 
may be called neuter. 

3. Person. A pronoun which stands for the speaker 
is of the first person: I, me, we, etc. A pronoun which 
stands for a person spoken to is of the second person: 
you, they, etc. A pronoun which stands for a person 
or thing spoken about is of the third person: he, them- 
selves, it, etc. 

4. Number. A pronoun that represents only one is 
singular: I, hers, it, etc. A pronoun that represents 
more than one is plural: our, theirs, yourselves, etc. 

5. The antecedent is the word for which a pronoun 
stands: "Ccesar took off his crown." Sometimes an 
antecedent is not expressed; we know from the situa- 
tion who is meant: "You had better not try." Some- 
times no particular person is referred to: "They say 
we are going to have a holiday." Impersonal it has 
no antecedent. Relatives always have an antecedent, 
thought it may be understood: ''[He] Whoever did it 
ought to confess. ' f 



SUPPLEMENT 145 



Verbs 



1. Tense. The form of a verb that shows time is 
called "tense." There are six tenses: present and per- 
fect, past and past perfect, future and future perfect. 

present, I see perfect, I have seen 

past, I saw past perfect, I liad seen 

future, 7 shall see future perfect, I shall have seen 

2. Principal parts. The present, the past, and the 
past participle are called the "principal parts" of a 
verb. They may be found for any verb by filling the 
blanks in the following sentences: 

a. Now I 



b. Yesterday I 

c. I have 



(a) I do now, (b) I did yesterday, (c) I have done. 

3. The two conjugations. A verb is of the regular 
conjugation if its past tense ends in a d or a t that is 
not in the present: stop, stopped; sleep, slept; mean, 
meant; make, made; have, had. Also verbs that have 
the same form, ending in d or t, for all principal parts 
are of the regular conjugation: put, spread, cast, hit. 
Even if the vowel is shortened in the past tense, they 
are still called regular: lead, led, led; shoot, shot, shot; 
meet, met, met. 

A verb whose past tense is formed by a vowel change 



146 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

and whose past participle ends in n or ne or ng is of the 
irregular conjunction: see, saw, seen; shine, shone, 
slwne; sing, sang, sung; choose, chose, chosen; fall, fell, 
fallen. 

4. There are three mod-es (or moods), (a) The 
indicative mode expresses fact in statements or ques- 
tions: "He will succeed some time." "Has he ever 
been seen in this shop?" (b) The imperative mode ex- 
presses command: "Go this instant." The subject of an 
imperative is usually an understood you, but sometimes 
the subject is expressed: "Come ye to the waters." 
"Now you listen !" (e) The subjunctive mode expresses 
mere wish or mere supposition: "If he were in your 
place." "Though he come riding on the clouds." "Be 
it ever so humble." Sometimes verb phrases with would 
and should and had are called subjunctive if they clearly 
express a condition contrary to fact: "This would have 
been mended sooner if your message had not been de- 
layed." 

5. Person. Verbs are said to be in the first or second 
or third person according as their subjects are of the 
first or second or third person — that is, verbs "agree 
with their subjects in person." 

6. Number. In like manner verbs are in the sin- 
gular or plural number according as their subject is 
singular or plural. 

Verbals 

Words (or groups of words) which are made from 
verbs, but used like nouns or adjectives, are called 



SUPPLEMENT 147 

verbals. Those used like nouns are infinitives (pages 
95-102) or gerunds (pages 84, 93). Those used like ad- 
jectives are participles (pages 80, 91). 

Adjectives 

1. There are four classes of adjectives, (a) An 
adjective that describes in any way is called descrip- 
tive: little, tremendous, low, sweet, heavy. A descrip- 
tive that is formed from a proper noun is printed with 
a capital and is called a proper adjective: Spanish, 
American, Canadian, (b) The little words a, an,- and 
the are called articles, (c) Adjectives that tell how 
many or how much are called numerals: sixteen, ninth. 
(d) A pronoun used to modify a noun or pronoun is 
called a pronominal adjective. Personal pronouns are 
not used in this way, and the possessive pronouns (his, 
their, ivhose, etc.) are commonly called pronouns. But 
the other four classes may be pronominal adjectives : 

Indefinite : "Each man's burden." 
Demonstrative: "This one on the corner. " 
Relative: " Whichever road I take." 
Interrogative: "What time have you?" 

2. Comparison is a change of form to show more or 
most of a quality. The simple form of an adjective is 
the positive degree; the form in er is the comparative 
degree; the form in est is the superlative degree. The 
comparative may also be formed with more, and the 
superlative with most. 



148 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

lonely, lonelier, loneliest 
lonely, more lonely, most lonely 



Adverbs 

1. Classes. Adverbs are commonly classified ac- 
cording to their meaning: 

a. Time: "He will come tomorrow." 

b. Place: "He climbed up." 

c. Manner: "They spoke rapidly." 

d. Degree: "The man whispered very softly." 

e. Interrogative: "Why should I have to go?" 

f. Modal (or Sentence) : "Indeed I did not." 

g. The "expletive" tliere is called an adverb: 

"There is no other factory." 
h. Yes and no are called adverbs. 

2. Comparison. Adverbs are compared in the same 
two ways as adjectives, and with the same names for 
the degrees. 

Prepositions 

See page 65. 

Conjunctions 

A conjunction is a word that joins. There are two 
kinds. 

1. A conjunction that joins two words or two 
phrases or two clauses or two sentences is coordinating : 



SUPPLEMENT 149 

and, or, but, nor. Two conjunctions used together as a 
pair to join two items are called correlative: either 
. . . or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but also. 

2. A conjunction that joins a subordinate clause to 
a word is called subordinating: if, as, wlien, since, 
though, etc. 

Interjections 

A word that expresses emotion, without any relation 
to other words of a sentence, is an interjection: Gee! 
Oh! Pshaw! 

Clauses 

1. A clause is a group of words containing a verb 
and its subject. 

2. A principal (or main or independent) clause is a 
clause that can stand alone as an independent sentence : 
11 After that first attempt I never again tried to see 
what was in the safe. ' ' 

3. A subordinate clause is a clause used like a 
noun (page 108) or adjective (pages 111, 116) or adverb 
(page 121). 

Sentences 

1. As to their meaning sentences are of four kinds : 

a. Declarative, making a statement: "The pen 

that you bought is mine/' 

b. Interrogative, asking a question: "What is the 

point that he tried to make?" 



150 JUNIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

c. Imperative, giving a command: "Stand where 

you are a minute. ' ' 

d. Exclamatory, expressing one of the other kinds 

of sentences so as to show emotion : ' ' He was 
a convict!" "What a wild idea!" "Are you 
never coming to see us ! " 
2. As to the clauses they contain sentences are of 
three kinds. 

a. A sentence that has only one clause — a princi- 

pal clause — is a simple sentence. 

b. A sentence that has only one principal clause 

and one or more subordinate clauses is a 
complex sentence. 

c. A sentence that contains two or more principal 

clauses is a compound sentence. 



INDEX 

Active and Passive Verbs 998-1017 

Active Participles 958-987 

Address and Exclamations 918-927 

Adjectives 749-768 

Adjective Clauses 1256-1265 

Adverb Clauses 1286-1323 

Adverbial Nouns 908-917 

Adverbs of Three Kinds 789-798 

Adverbs with Adverbs and Adjectives 779-788 

Adverbs with Verbs 769-778 

Appositives 928-937 

Conjunctions 1266-1285 

Gerunds 988-997 

Infinitives 1081-1215 

Mixed Clauses 1324-1399 

Nominative Absolute 1450-1464 

Noun Clauses 1216-1235 

Nouns 413-465 

Nouns as Adverbs, Address, Exclamation, 

Appositives 938-957 

Nouns as Subject, Object, Indirect Object, 

Predicate Nominative 843-907 

Objective Predicate 1400-1429 

Objects 590-599 

151 



152 INDEX 

Passive Participles 1061-1070 

Phrasal Gerunds 1071-1080 

Predicate Nominatives 520-539 

Prepositions 799-808 

Prepositions and Adverbs 809-842 

Pronouns in the Three Constructions 713-748 

Relative Clauses 1236-1255 

Retained Object 1430-1449 

Subjects and Predicate Nominatives 540-589 

Subjects of Verbs 466-519 

Subjects, Predicate Nominatives, Objects 600-712 

Verbs 1-412 

Verbs, Active, Passive, Intransitive 1018-1060 



